Permanent - Colorants - Clariant International Ltd

Kunststoffe international, A Plastics Expo
...otwithstanding, there will be no return to the gregarious trade-show bustle any time soon. So, digital is the new normal. However, to the familiar information sources will now be added the thwarted trade shows, such as “Fakuma virtual,” with a permanent offering that aims to bridge the time until the next physical event, or time-limited offers, be they virtual in-house trade shows from (usually) fairly large companies or from trade show organizers themselves, who want to entice the virtual visit...

Kunststoffe international, Absorption of Water by Molded Plastics
...stresses only appear after three years. The stresses induced by swelling in the molded part reach a level that gives rise to plastic strain and thus permanent deformation. This effect should be considered when a molded part intended for use under comparable conditions is being designed. Conclusion This paper has demonstrated the possibilities afforded by numerically simulating diffusion processes in polymers. By analogy with heat transfer processes in thermal simulations, diffusion processes can...

Kunststoffe international, Data Management at the Tool
...e control, details of the hot-runner system, a production flow chart for the tool, maintenance schedules and logs, assembly videos or assembly and dismantling plans. An innovative option is thus available for the permanent tamper- and audit-proof storage of the complete documentation, directly in the injection mold under industrial service conditions in an injection molding shop and taking into account the users’ different IT skills. Videos with Assembly or Maintenance Instructions Users and m...

Kunststoffe international, Less Is Often More
... from contact with media at a temperature of 180 °C. In addition, further operational health safety requirements are met as follows: The WFI hose is very flexible and easy to install. It is securely attached to the fitting (by permanent mechanical swaging of the fitting tail) thus offering a high degree of reliability in the hose termination interface. Its dynamic flexural fatigue strength makes for a long service life even when the moving mold halves are coupled together. The product is silic...

Kunststoffe international, Molded Part Quality Prediction Using Machine Learning
...estion arises whether the quality prediction yields more precise results if, in addition to the process data from the machine’s internal sensors, the data from the mold sensor(s) are also included. All plastics processing companies are facing the permanent challenge of meeting their objectives in the areas of cost, quality and delivery times. Against this background, manufacturers in high-wage countries are particularly challenged because superior part quality is often the only way to compete. ...

Kunststoffe international, Plastic in the Service of Medicine
...ble in this sector must also be mastered. Compared to other industries, the quality requirements are very high. The documentation requirements are extensive. Production in accordance with GMP (Good Manufacturing Practice) is mandatory. This requires permanent monitoring and compliance with hygiene regulations and complete documentation of all process data over many years. Entry into the medical technology industry as a supplier is therefore difficult and requires a great deal of effort. Developm...

Kunststoffe international, Polypropylene Beats Aluminum
...ble due to the high tensile strength of the tape (up to 1000 MPa) and the high elongation at break of the composite (>2.5 %). The aluminum sheet deforms plastically in the form of a permanent bulge of 12.2 mm (Fig. 3) due to its low yield strength of about 100 MPa. It is assumed that damage events of this type and intensity rarely or never happen in a vehicle’s life. Nevertheless, when driving off paved roads or descending from a curb, such damage events may possibly occur. A battery tray produc...

Kunststoffe international, 2005-11-21, A Comparison of Temperature Control Systems: Optimum Thermal Design of Injection Moulds
...val from the cavity. Table1 shows a survey of the cooling systems available on the market. These systems in turn can be combined with different types of cooling equipment and heat-exchange media. Here are various schemes for continuous (i.e. permanent exchange of heat-exchange media) and discontinuous (heat-exchange media supplied as needed) cooling. In preliminary tests, two approaches were selected that can be rela-tively easily integrated into the existing process environment. The first appro...

Kunststoffe international, 2005-11-21, Adding Value through Quality and Technology
...rototyping techniques. The underlying RKT project plan takes into account every factor affecting the process chain. Thinking in Influential Parameters A rugged manufacturing process is ensured by applying various methods of defect prevention. The permanent goal is for all employees in the simultaneous engineering process to think in terms of influential parameters. One of the times this is important is when customers modify articles, as there is always the risk that a hitherto sound, plastic-f...

Kunststoffe international, 2005-11-21, All-round Supplier for Polyurethane Systems
...ompany for a total of US$ 2.45 billion, Bayer now holds a world market share of more than 25 % in polyurethane systems (Fig. 1) and is now the global number one among polyurethane raw material suppliers. At the same time, the company has secured the permanent right to purchase propylene oxide - a preproduct for the production of polyols - at cost like a manufacturer. Capacity of some 700,000 t of Polyether Polyols a Year With the new production capacities of some 700,000 t/a polyether polyols,...

Kunststoffe international, 2005-11-21, Basell’s Polish Activities: Polyolefins from Poland
... the company is using to acclimatise to the maturity of the European polyolefins market. Key aspects, he said, were a reduction in the complexity of the sales processes and swift responses to the constant fluctuations in competition that lead to a permanent squeeze on prices. At the same time, the goal was market leadership, which was to be attained by utilising the plants more, which are of the latest technological standard, by cutting common costs and by differentiating the services provided. ...

Kunststoffe international, 2005-11-21, Biodegradable Materials
.... Recycling or Accumulation? Ever since man has used large quantities of materials that cannot biodegrade naturally (e.g., steel, concrete and plastics), there have been disposal problems. These have manifested themselves as large accumulations of permanent waste. Landfill as a method of storage takes up a great deal of space that could otherwise be used more profitably. Incineration as a means of storing combustible waste in air is not a reliable alternative since above all carbon is, for oth...

Kunststoffe international, 2005-11-21, Bond Reliably: The Right Adhesive
...0 to max. 50% of the material’s strength is retained after the welding process. In contrast, with bonding, 100% of the intrinsic strength can be retained. Given the variety of plastics and the ongoing developments, adhesive manufacturers face the permanent challenge of developing the right adhesive for the most varied requirements. In this large field, Delo Industrial Adhesives, Landsberg/Germany, has specialised in unusually challenging applications – often in the automotive sector (Fig. 1). B...

Kunststoffe international, 2005-11-21, Bonding of Plastics
...ately by mechanical rubbing down, cleaning and priming the GRP parts and bonding them to a steel frame with flexible PU adhesives or to two-component methacrylate adhesives. The steel parts are also primed beforehand to ensure that the bond will be permanent. Finally, the sleeping cabin is bonded with PU adhesives to the driver's cab. In construction vehicles, too, for instance, the driver's cab made of ABS is assembled by bonding the parts together with methacrylate adhesives and then b...

Kunststoffe international, 2005-11-21, Comparative Study: Virtually Equal in Terms of Precision
... compo-nents, attention was paid to stability and precision. The drive for the injec-tion unit consists of two angle-synchronously rotating servomotors that drive the injection screw via a planetary threaded spindle. The drive spin-dles feature permanent lubrication in a closed oil bath. The position resolu-tion is 1/1000 mm. The control evaluates the position information to 1/100 mm accuracy. The changeover point is recognised in less than 100 µs. The HM series machines compared with the EM in ...

Kunststoffe international, 2005-11-21, Complex Handling: Fully Automatic Production of Door Trim Panels
...and a high level of flexibility are the key factors”, says Jürgen Wabersich, who is responsible for the entire production line engineering of the Mürdter Group. “In addition, the robots must be able to offer short cycle times and virtually permanent availability. The decision to use large shelf-mounted robots with a payload of 150kg is based firstly on the desired reach, and secondly on the fact that we had to take into account the weight of the grippers, which weigh up to 60kg.” Complex Interp...

Kunststoffe international, 2005-11-21, Composite Parts: Flexibility in Rigid/Flexible Combinations
...nce in the form of undercuts or perforations. The contour of the interface layer additionally has an influence on the adhesion, as does the surface roughness of the rigid component. A development patented by Weigelt makes it possible to guarantee permanent connections between LSR and other plastics over a broad range of temperatures from -50 to 200°C as well as under the action of a large amount of moisture. Tear-off forces of up to 100N/cm2 can be achieved. With a sufficient degree of tempe...

Kunststoffe international, 2005-11-21, Compounds and Masterbatches: Revival of Research and Development?
...e compounds lies in the area of extrusion, specifically for rod, profile, sheet (Fig. 2) and film. Materials available for processing are predominantly polyolefins with a great variety of modifications: reinforced with various fillers, permanent antistatic, elastomer-modified, as blends with other thermoplastics, e.g., (PE+PS) blends, and lastly – in keeping with the trend – with halogen-free flame retardants. Poloplast always maintains adequate production capacity for both pipe production and c...

Kunststoffe international, 2005-11-21, Comprehensive Product Range: Advancing into New Dimensions
... newly developed machine control system operated via an industry PC (Siemens Panel PC/WIN 2000) is specially adapted to make interventions even easier for thermoformers. The systematic on-screen operator guidance through individual menu pages allows permanent access to all process-relevant data and in the case of malfunction permits rapid localisation of the machines and process faults. To produce the clamping forces on the mould and top tables for twin-sheet forming, for example, hydraulic driv...

Kunststoffe international, 2005-11-21, Construction Industry: Panes with Sunscreen
...ry readily. Unlike expensive, sensitive coatings that can be damaged during transport or assembly, the plastic additives that shield against the heat and sun are contained in the polycarbonate itself. Consequently the sunscreen effect is virtually permanent and affords UV protection on both sides of the pane. www.geadvancedmaterials.com Picture: Polycarbonate panes featuring sunscreen additives prevent rooms and corridors from becoming uncomfortably hot in sunlight

Kunststoffe international, 2005-11-21, Controlling Movements
...drift due to wear. Even in applications where dynamic and precise travel paths are required for hydraulically operated shafts, these magnetostrictive transducers offer advantages. The increased contamination problems arising from hydraulic oil are permanently solved here by the hermetically sealed housing. Various Interfaces Magnetostrictive linear transducers are available with a range of analog and digital interfaces. For direct compatibility with a potentiometer, e. g. in the event of repla...

Kunststoffe international, 2005-11-21, Custom-tailored Engineering Materials: Polyphenylene Ether (PPE)
...black in (PPE+PA) alloys. This technology was developed especially to replace tough metal body components. Vertical body components made from these resins, such as fenders/wings, have shown that they withstand the common collision tests without permanent deformation. The productivity benefits of conductive (PPE+PA) grades include the elimination of primer and online paintability. This ensures outstanding colour matching and reduces total system costs. These properties, the potential to save weig...

Kunststoffe international, 2005-11-21, Customer-oriented Globalisation: Process Technology as Strategic Instrument for Developing New Markets
...nsiderations. In individual cases, this can mean having to make a decision rapidly, depending on the stage of development of the market, since – see above – definition of a market is coupled with a permanent observation process. R&D Goal-oriented and Efficiently Organised How innovative is the German economy really? The answer to this question depends on the measure used: the value of goods produced, the number of patents, the amount spent on research and development (R&D) or the fraction of t...

Kunststoffe international, 2005-11-21, Decoration During Injection Moulding: Preforming and In-mould Lamination in one Operation
...d injection compression laminated (back injection compression) in the injection mould in a single operation – with significant cost advantages. Jochen Mitzler Henry Jansson Georg Kaufmann In the automotive industry, cost pressures are leading to permanent innovations and developments. Manufacturers of plastic parts and modules are endeavouring to reduce the number of process operations by, among other things, combining different methods. Tailored automation can also increase the productivity of ...

Kunststoffe international, 2005-11-21, Demanding in Profile
... dependable locking even when the retaining structures have different wall thicknesses. To be sure that the various mounting elements would find universal use, product A3 1 S3 15 was chosen to be the construction material. The good results from the permanent thermal load tests (heat ageing) performed to date and mentioned at the outset were the reason for this choice. This PA 66 grade has also proved highly dependable in applications involving higher thermal stress such as occur in the engine co...

Kunststoffe international, 2005-11-21, Designing Injection Moulded Parts with FEM
...s was applied far more quickly and lasted for longer at a high level. In load case 3, the higher load results in a higher strain, which falls only slightly after load removal to the final stress value. The higher short-term load causes a much higher permanent strain in the material. Such changes in the load state in relation to time cannot be described with the aid of substitute characteristic data. Viscoelastic material models have to be used. Viscoelastic Material Models In commercial progra...

Kunststoffe international, 2005-11-21, Diesel Lines: Some Like it Hot
...ace in this second test is surrounded by hot air-conditions which approximate actual environment under the bonnet. The test fuel was replaced at two-week intervals. A test temperature of 125°C was chosen as the test temperature since higher permanent temperatures are not to be expected. The tests were not aimed at establishing resistance to peak temperatures. Elongation at break and low-temperature impact strength at –40°C were selected as sensitive test criteria because, under extreme ageing co...

Kunststoffe international, 2005-11-21, Drafting Tolerances for Moulded Parts
Drafting Tolerances for Moulded Parts Software Tool Helps Predict Tolerances Bahri Kiraz, Treuchtlingen/Germany The specification and observation of drafting tolerances is a permanent topic of discussion between customers, developers and producers. When metal parts have to be replaced by plastic parts, different tolerances must be provided for. The software program TolPro makes it easier to predict tolerances. Some Designers of moulded thermoplastic parts are often still influenced by th...

Kunststoffe international, 2005-11-21, Drive Technology: Direct Drive Provides Benefits in Extrusion
...ally the price/performance ratio." Working together, custom-engineered motors for the extruder series were then developed. The 1FW3 torque motors from Siemens are liquid-cooled synchronous servomotors with a high number of poles and permanent-magnet excitation. The motors are designed as complete assemblies with water-cooled housing, bearings and hollow-shaft rotor. The currently available nominal torque values range from 300 to 11000Nm; the typical speeds lie in a range of 125 to 260rpm. D...

Kunststoffe international, 2005-11-21, E-mail from an Injection Moulding Machine
...ion technologies and systems that can detect faults at an early stage, it is possible today to monitor machines from anywhere in the world, carry out measurements and adjustments on them and evaluate the results. This offers users the possibility of permanent plant monitoring, early detection of potential faults and automatic routing of malfunction alarms to control centres. Telemaintenance for Remote Diagnosis Telemaintenance means automatic reading and storage of machine and process data and...

Kunststoffe international, 2005-11-21, Economical Production of Barrier Film
...s, - contact winding with centre winding and CLP from 20 to 2,000 N for non-slip films, - gap winding for non-slip and surface-sensitive films and films with a high content of EVA, PP copolymers or PP, which have a tendency to post-shrinkage, and - permanent centre winding (combined with slit from the start of the roll) for very sensitive thin films and multiple production. The wide variety of different applications makes it necessary to have a modular structure for the winders so that they can ...

Kunststoffe international, 2005-11-21, Effective and Cost-Saving
... difficult because these mouldings are made to a particularly high degree of precision. Residues are often unsatisfactorily removed from the mould and defective mouldings are the result. In addition, intensive cleaning of stubborn residues can cause permanent damage to the mould. In many cases the moulds are also sandblasted. This usually removes the residues satisfactorily but after repeated sandblasting undesirable abrasion of the mould material occurs. This necessitates time-consuming and cos...

Kunststoffe international, 2005-11-21, Efficiency in a Highly Compact Space
...Haidlmair of Nussbach/Austria. The results of Moldflow analyses are also consistently used for the layout of new moulds. Mould repairs and maintenance are conducted at Steiner itself, although this work is performed by Haidlmair employees "on permanent field service in Ebensee". This example makes it clear once again that improvement potential can only be tapped on a joint basis, within a close partnership. The big advantage of working together as partners is that this permits an informa...

Kunststoffe international, 2005-11-21, Efficient Project Development
...gree of packing during cooling. In a correctly adjusted injection moulding machine, longitudinal and transverse tolerances of 0.05 % can be assumed. - Excellent creep resistance: PA MXD6-GF50 has excellent creep resistance, even under high stresses. Permanent deformation after 1000-hour exposure to a load of 50 MPa at 50°C is less than 1 %. - High resistance to mechanical stresses: Many engineering parts must withstand dynamic stresses, e. g. vibrations. From the Wöhler curves in Fig. 1, it ...

Kunststoffe international, 2005-11-21, Electronic Markets for Plastics
...rrors and when necessary contacts the buyer to remove inconsistencies. At present ClickPlastics offers the inquiry (Fig. 6) as business model. Offers, catalogues and aggregations are planned for the future. The emphasis of the market is on handling permanent needs and framework contracts. For this purpose a buyer specifies the desired product in the RFQ system and indicates the time period within which the goods are to be delivered. He receives a list of potential suppliers from which he can sel...

Kunststoffe international, 2005-11-21, Engineering Network: Additional Knowledge Instead of Competition
...d. The problem with big parts lies in ensuring a constant shrinkage. If it proves impossible to achieve this, then the number of rejects will rise. Also, there is no extrusion company that will guarantee a perfectly constant material quality on a permanent basis. One frequent source of annoyance is concealed defects (such as specks in the roll, soiling and colour deviations, etc.), which cannot generally be detected, or are only detected at too late a stage. "If the small converters – who ar...

Kunststoffe international, 2005-11-21, Environment: Ecological and Toxicological Requirements Concerning Adhesives
..., where they were absorbed by fish and other aquatic animals. In toxicological tests, it was found that these substances have a negative effect on the hormone balance of aquatic animals. Especially with the male of the species, it was observed that permanent ingestion of these substances can lead to feminisation and even to impotence. Although there is no risk with adhesive systems that APEOs can enter the water cycle, automotive manufacturers have, as part of the process of introducing even st...

Kunststoffe international, 2005-11-21, Europe is the Largest Market: Polyaryletherketones (PAEK)
...id gases are released. The use of fibre-reinforced compounds makes it possible to produce components that are not only lightweight but also have the optimum combination of strength and elasticity to spring back to their original shape without permanent deformation in the event of a crash. Very highly reproducible tolerance requirements are specified for the epicycloid vanes used by Digmesa, Switzerland, in their flow metering equipment. Through the use of PEEK, the welded components of the inter...

Kunststoffe international, 2005-11-21, Functionality is the Key Factor
...ve development. The field of application for plastics in medical technology is highly diverse and is constantly expanding. It extends from mass-produced and disposable articles, through technical apparatus and instruments, to the temporary or even permanent implantation of plastic components in the human body. Both engineering plastics and commodity plastics, tailor-made for the particular application, are being used to an ever greater extent in the field of diagnosis and therapy. Typical exam...

Kunststoffe international, 2005-11-21, Heat Management
...to 40 mm thick PU rigid-foam slabs are sufficient; special system slabs with foamed or milled channels allow thermally optimum pipe laying for floor heating. For floor laying it is also important that PU rigid foam slabs should not show significant permanent deformation under foot loads or the weight of furnishings, and fittings etc. Thermal insulating materials subject to pressure, e. g. under pressure-distributing floors, are currently required to have minimum compressive strengths of 0.10 or ...

Kunststoffe international, 2005-11-21, High Fitting Accuracy
...en autoclave pressure acts inside the positive model, the silicone rubber membrane compacts the uncured material of the positive model against the inner surface of the negative mould. Apart from providing good compaction, this method also provides permanent vacuum integrity of the positive model. Two-part Female Mould Metal and fibre-reinforced composite moulds are used for curing high-grade structural composite components made of prepregs. Fibre-reinforced composite moulds are produced by wet...

Kunststoffe international, 2005-11-21, High Growth Rates: Polyphenylene Sulphide (PPS)
...ignificant dimensional changes due to swelling. PPS does not absorb water, which means that the use of products made of PPS is completely unrestricted even in a moist and hot environment. The only limitation to the use of PPS is in permanent contact with heavily oxidising substances. PPS is inherently flame-retardant and self-extinguishing even without the normal additives. Capacities and Manufacturers In recent years, PPS has developed as a high-performance plastic with significant and conti...

Kunststoffe international, 2005-11-21, High-Modulus Polyamides
...g;C. Tests of the long-term properties of engineering thermoplastics are primarily geared towards forecasting the service lives of injection-moulded parts under the influence of time and temperature, i.e. their creep strength, fatigue resistance and permanent notched-impact strength. High-modulus polyamides are far superior to conventional PA 6 grades of comparable glass-fibre reinforcement (Figs. 3 and 4). Glass-fibre reinforcement often leads to surfaces that are rough and thus susceptible to ...

Kunststoffe international, 2005-11-21, Hot-runner Systems: Controlled Conditions
...ld was to reproduce the part geometries extremely precisely with very close manufacturing tolerances, while always filling the parts completely without any overfeeding. Experience with a two-cavity mould of the same part showed that permanent process fluctuations can only be compensated by an operator correcting and adjusting the process parameters at the injection moulding machine. Since Paritec has used the Priamus Fill system, thanks to uniform filling in a 4-cavity mould, it has produced uni...

Kunststoffe international, 2005-11-21, Hybrid Moulding: Getting the Combination Right
... has meant that prototypes can now be produced in the early design phases, to be followed by haptic samples and then the prototype moulds. While the prototype moulds have a pre-production character, their properties preclude unrestricted use as “permanent injection moulds”, especially where strength and surface quality are important. Post-treatment, whether mechanically to give shape or metallurgically to increase strength, is still required. So, even though the process chain nowadays extends fr...

Kunststoffe international, 2005-11-21, Hybrid Technology with Braided Preforms: Ski Poles by Multilayer Technology
...e Ski poles are standardised according to DIN 7884 and must satisfy various requirements [1]. Under an eccentric, quasi-static axial compressive load of, for example, 500N at a length of more than 1100mm, they undergo neither structural failure nor permanent deformation. The ski pole must also buckle under a compressive load of 937N. This corresponds to a contact pressure of 0.375N/mm2 on the top of the handle. Additional specific safety requirements must also be observed. The standard includes...

Kunststoffe international, 2005-11-21, Improved Efficiency and Quality
...t quality is driving the process of continuous innovation, and thereby forming the basis for new investment decisions. For machine manufacturers, this means a continuing trend towards ever better efficiency of production technology, and represents a permanent challenge. An important factor in the economy of an extrusion line is output performance. The 70s and 80s saw a linear increase in output for the production of PVC profiles on parallel twin-screw extruders. In the mid 90s, however, there we...

Kunststoffe international, 2005-11-21, Innovations Today and Tomorrow: Polypropylene for Flexible Packaging
...eakthrough of new processing technologies such as coextrusion and extrusion coating. The question is: Is this trend going to continue in the next decade or have we already reached the innovation limit? The Demands of the Sales Chain The permanent endeavours of the flexible packaging industry to cut costs are going hand in hand with the constant further development both of the polymers themselves and of the processing and fabricating technologies [1]. Flexible polypropylene film (PP) is growing ...

Kunststoffe international, 2005-11-21, Innovative Design Opportunities for Magnet Technology: Injection Moulded Permanent Magnets Employing the Two-component Technique
Innovative Design Opportunities for Magnet Technology: Injection Moulded Permanent Magnets Employing the Two-component Technique A plastics processor has developed a process that can be used to produce injection-moulded, permanent magnets with improved magnetic and mechanical properties. Michael Stadler, Wolfgang Koos Plastic-bonded magnetic materials with fillers such as SrFe, BaFe, NdFeB and SmCo are used first and foremost on account of the freedom of design that the injection moulding ...

Kunststoffe international, 2005-11-21, Inspection: Fully Automatic Inspection of Mobile Phone Display Lenses
... the example of the fully automatic inspection of mobile phone display lenses it has been shown that even very complex inspection assignments can be solved economically if - products must be inspected 100% manually for the time being (rule of thumb: permanent inspection expenditure corresponding to at least one inspector), - production is completely automated and - similar parts are still to be produced for a sufficiently long time and in large numbers of items (rule of thumb: at least one mach...

Kunststoffe international, 2005-11-21, Joint Technology
...esive bond are still not part of general knowledge. Accordingly, experience remains an important foundation for proper adhesive selection and processing. Riveting and Edge Forming The joining techniques of riveting and edge forming provide permanent, positive locking (interlocking) joints that are augmented to some extent through friction. With these techniques, joining of the parts is accomplished by shaping or deforming the joining element. Accordingly, the joints formed by these methods ...

Kunststoffe international, 2005-11-21, Lightweight Construction: Hybrid Front-end Combines Contradictions
...heavy deformation. In the event of abuse of the front gate – accidental opening of the latch at 250km/h – the front gate must be held reliably by the arrester hook. Moreover, the high arrester hook loads must not result is permanent deformations to the front-end frame part. This function is performed by a cross beam made of high-strength U-profile steel, which is integrated into the front-end frame. The cross-beam interlocks with two vertical steel web plates. The result is a metal base frame t...

Kunststoffe international, 2005-11-21, Load-bearing capacity: Analysis of Underground Plastic Components
Load-bearing capacity: Analysis of Underground Plastic Components Underground pipes, tanks and manholes are permanently subject to various loads, such as the pressure of soil or groundwater. Various models and computational methods exist for predicting the strength and stability of such components. Fritz-Otto Henkel, Roland Reuchlein Underground plastic components include pipes, tanks and manholes. In the static analysis of such components, various loads must be taken into account. They ar...

Kunststoffe international, 2005-11-21, Machine Maintenance 2003: State of the Art and Future Trends
...ese technical possibilities. New machines are being equipped with various sensor systems for control and breakdown monitoring so that a fault can be quickly located in the event of a stoppage. More advanced sensor systems for permanent monitoring of the wear process with recordings and forecasts of the wear profile and probability of failure are not yet in use, but they offer medium-term development potential for predicative strategies in the maintenance of plastics processing machines. The Aut...

Kunststoffe international, 2005-11-21, Magnetic Fillers: Extrusion in a Magnetic Field
...Magnetic Fillers. The viscosity of thermoplastics with ferromagnetic fillers is increased when a magnetic field is applied to the extrusion die. The magnetic field has a stronger effect the cooler the melt is. Hans-Peter Heim Renata Viegas-Cunha As permanent magnets, polymer-bound magnets are increasingly being used. Depending on the application of the final product, various combinations of polymer matrix, filler and processing method are available (Fig.1). The processing and production technol...

Kunststoffe international, 2005-11-21, Maintenance of Plastics-Processing Equipment
...aluation of the efficiency of the maintenance measures. Modern processes for technical diagnostics in the field of maintenance such as automatic machine monitoring systems (continuous monitoring of energy consumption, oscillations and vibrations) or permanent monitoring by sensors of wear parts (e. g. by thermography) are not yet established in plastics processing companies. Likewise, teleservice concepts for remote diagnosis and remote servicing of machinery by the manufacturers' technical ...

Kunststoffe international, 2005-11-21, Manufacturing Scorecard (MSC): More Process Efficiency for Plastics Processors
...ed by the Manufacturing Scorecard method. The approach is a tool to detail step-by-step the strategic company objectives down to the value adding level in order to represent them for the employees on site by means of process-oriented key figures for permanent implementation [1]. The Manufacturing Scorecard method can be subdivided into 4 steps: Step No. 1: First, it is necessary to fix the strategic objectives and to determine which value drivers are mostly decisive for the process result. Thus...

Kunststoffe international, 2005-11-21, Marking Plastic Products
...lly to the extrusion speed. The problem of choosing the right method Selection of the right method for a particular marking task can be assisted by asking the following questions: - What type of plastic is to be marked? - Should the marking be permanent or removable? - May the plastic surface be damaged by the marking or not? - What are the environmental conditions like in the location where the marking system is installed (dust, water, chemicals etc.)? - How good must the marking quality be (...

Kunststoffe international, 2005-11-21, Materials with Multiple Functions
...secured the almost absolutely dominant use of PC in the optical data memory field (Fig.10). The raw material industry reacted to the introduction of the DVD with half substrate thickness and reduced pit structures as well as the permanent demand to reduce cycle times with new PC types with increased fluidity, shorter cycle times, greater thermal stability, reduced optical birefringence and improved pit formation with continued good mechanical characteristics [5]. The prominent manufacturers of p...

Kunststoffe international, 2005-11-21, More Light
...back again”, says Eberhard Flammer. Elkamet has been offering another practice-oriented training model since mid-2001 under the title “Studium plus”. Students from the technical college are given permanent employment with the company and spend half their time at Elkamet and the other half at the technical college. Because of the creative training policy, which also includes the award of diploma theses and placements, there are no bottlenecks for recruiting skilled and management staff at Elkamet...

Kunststoffe international, 2005-11-21, Multi-Material Mould with Rotary Mechanism
...ditional assembly operation on the one hand, and the loose connection between the windows and housing, on the other. For mass production, the more economical multi-material/multi-shot moulding process replaced this assembly step. This resulted in a permanent bond between the windows and housing. The windows are moulded in MABS. This material exhibits good surface quality and exceptional transparency. The housing is moulded in ABS. Mould Design The original product served as the basis for the m...

Kunststoffe international, 2005-11-21, Multi-material Technology: Always One Step Ahead Thanks to Active R&D
...oning, cigarette lighters) and storage space (cup holders, storage trays, ashtrays) (Fig.1). For installation in the instrument panel and assembly of the trim panels with high-quality decorative surfaces, it is necessary to use materials that ensure permanent and noiseless connection under all driving conditions. Different service temperatures and manufacturing tolerances must balanced. Whereas felt and elastomer inserts are used to avoid annoying squeaking noises and compensate for dimensional ...

Kunststoffe international, 2005-11-21, Multiprocess Technology: Production Solution for Complex Air Intake Systems
...tachable, leaktight connection over the entire service life of the air intake system (Fig.3). In fitting the intake module, the flange bank is bolted onto the cylinder head. The flange bank must have sufficient rigidity to ensure permanent leaktightness of the fitted unit at all operating temperatures. By using finite element analysis, it was possible to speed up the design process and achieve the required rigidity. Fig.4 shows the runner/flange connection, which is identical on each engine sid...

Kunststoffe international, 2005-11-21, Nanoscale NIR Absorbers: Permanently Mark Highly Transparent Plastics
Additives Permanently Mark Highly Transparent Plastics Nanoscale NIR Absorbers. Laser marking of highly transparent plastics represents a challenge, since commercially available laser additives have an intrinsic colour and cloud the plastic. Newly developed processes utilising nanoscale metal oxides now permit laser marking of transparent plastics without any loss of quality. Wilhelm Wolff Among the processes for marking and identifying plastics, the still young technique of laser marking exh...

Kunststoffe international, 2005-11-21, News
... (NRC), Hamburg. Financial details were not published. Headquartered in Stockholm, the distributor of chemical specialities is also active in Denmark, Finland and Norway. The business will continue unaltered under the same name, management and permanent staff. Ticona: Capacity doubled As informed by Ticona, Kelsterbach, Fortron Industries, a joint venture of Ticona and Kureha Chemicals Industries, has announced that it is expanding its production facility in Wilmington/NC, USA. Production capa...

Kunststoffe international, 2005-11-21, Noise-Free
...insofar as a single-cavity mould is involved - as is the case with the rotor sets here. With a subsequent multi-cavity mould, it would also have been possible to incorporate an insert in a master mould and then to use this for the series mould too. Permanent Noise Reduction Initial test runs after the parts had been fitted in fully-assembled pumps revealed that noise was reduced by a factor of three (9 to 10 dB). Continuous running confirmed the requisite fatigue strength. The efficiency was a...

Kunststoffe international, 2005-11-21, Optimising Safety Systems: Modern Chainmail
...d. This property is used in motorsports for motorcylcle and Formula1 racing. In the author’s opinion a need has arisen for protection on racetracks against head-on impact by Formula1 racing cars with and without permanent tyre stacks. A hybrid material of this kind can be used as a curtain for tyre segments, and absorbs a considerable proportion of the energy by plastic deformation. Another potential application could be to use pressed-in chainmail mats to greatly improve the protection of vehi...

Kunststoffe international, 2005-11-21, Passive house: Successful Energy-saving
...from polystyrene rigid foam) integrated into suitably sized “blocks” that can be very easily placed at the building site like a giant children’s construction set. The core is filled with concrete so that the insulation serves as permanent shuttering at the same time. Completely new system solutions have also been developed and certified by the Passive House Institute. These include a system comprising storey-high prefabricated elements based on PU foam with integrated formwork pipes that are fil...

Kunststoffe international, 2005-11-21, Perfect optical symbiosis
...er, this leads to technical difficulties, particularly in connection with the process conditions during the painting of the metal body. Series Production Painting of Automobiles In conventional series production painting the metal surface is first permanently corrosion protected using cathode deposition coating. After leaving the bath this layer is baked at temperatures from 160 to 200°C depending upon the system. Application of the filler layer is next, after which finally follow the two ...

Kunststoffe international, 2005-11-21, Permanent Antistatic Behaviour
Permanent Antistatic Behaviour Electrically Structured Inhomogeneous Conductivity in Carbon Black-filled Epoxy Resins Torsten Prasse and Wolfgang Bauhofer, Hamburg/Germany To selectively control electrical resistance, an electrical field is applied to form networks of carbon black-aggregates in low-viscosity epoxy resin dispersions. Thermosets modified in this way have antistatic behaviour together with good mechanical properties. Electrically conductive carbon black-filled thermosets ar...

Kunststoffe international, 2005-11-21, Piezoelectric Effect and Electrostriction: Porous Plastics as Sensor Materials
... void with plastics. However, mechanically they surely support less load than ceramics. For over 30 years it has been well-known that polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) is piezoelectric after suitable electrical pretreatment – the plastic must have a permanent polarisation. Meanwhile a large number of further plastics have been developed that have outstanding piezoelectric and electrostrictive characteristics (Table1). Modern electrostrictive plastics change their shape on application of voltages n...

Kunststoffe international, 2005-11-21, Plastic Spare-Wheel Well
...ning phase, different mounting possibilities between the spare wheel and well were designed and evaluated. Since wells nowadays are used not only to store the spare wheel but also, for example, as storage space, it was necessary to allow for both a permanent and a detachable mounting receiver for the wheel to suit different customers' tastes. It may be inferred from the crash specifications that the spare-wheel well should deform as uniformly and deliberately as possible. This would reduce s...

Kunststoffe international, 2005-11-21, Plastics al dente
...rface. In addition, the machine may be fitted with a leak tester and a unit for widening the neck. Rapid Mould Change Mould platen systems with magnetic modules (grade: Quad-Press 75) are on show from Technomagnete, Lainate. The system generates a permanent electromagnetic field that does not need any power during the working phase and so keeps the mould secure if the power fails. The system greatly reduces machine set-up times and energy costs. The magnetic platen system may be used on all mo...

Kunststoffe international, 2005-11-21, Polyacetal with Greater Acid Resistance: Washed with all Waters
...d the engineering plastic POM (title picture). The special-grade of Hostaform MR 130 ACS which is used in the internal control gear permits particularly fine adjustment of the temperature via the two levers on the mixer tap. Even when subject to permanent stressing – such as through high temperatures or water pressure – this material ensures that the fitting still operates correctly. Aggressive Cleaning Agents and Chlorine stand No Chance In 1995, highly aggressive, acidic bathroom cleaners w...

Kunststoffe international, 2005-11-21, Polycarbonate (PC)
...ons rose to approximately 350,000 t or 21 % of the global PC demand. The steadily increasing requirements of producers of optical storage discs for a better substrate and the new developments of the CD-R and DVD with 4.7 GB of storage capacity are a permanent challenge for PC producers to adapt and optimise their products. The dynamic development of this segment is symbolised by the steadily decreasing cycle times which were reduced from originally > 20 seconds to approximately 3 seconds. The pr...

Kunststoffe international, 2005-11-21, Polyurethane Gel: High-tech Gel Relieves the Back
...in temperature of 1°C can be confirmed. Since Technogel contains no plasticisers, it cannot become brittle and retains its mechanical properties for a very long time. The gel withstands more than 300000 compression cycles without permanent deformation, while the average value for conventional gels is about 6000 cycles. The material is non-toxic and can be injected into moulds like a foam. For many cushioning applications, Technogel should ideally be processed in combination with a foam layer, e...

Kunststoffe international, 2005-11-21, Polyurethane Processing: Screw Spindle Pumps with Magnetic Coupling
...red to the pump. If the pumps are particularly important for the particular function, this can result in plant downtimes or even accidents. Greater Safety through a Magnetic Coupling Like the clutch of a car, rotating mechanical seals represent a permanent link between the electric motor and the end of the shaft of the screw spindle. In magnetic couplings, on the other hand, there is no permanent mechanical connection between the electric motor and the pump shaft. Permanent magnets are positio...

Kunststoffe international, 2005-11-21, Precision Is the Key to Success
...ccumulator piston geometries. A total of four cooling circuits are used. Both the mould plates and mould inserts and also the cores are cooled, with the core cooling being designed as a sequential cooling system. The moulds run extremely reliably in permanent three-shift operation seven days a week with high availability. Conclusion Further development of the moulds has already been considered and is at the planning stage. The gate position is being revised again and the number of cavities is ...

Kunststoffe international, 2005-11-21, Pressure Forming for Small Production Runs
... and frequent product change, reproducibility of the production data is a key factor for maximum availability. Up to 500 datasets can be stored and are immediately available in the case of product repetition. To monitor current production, there is permanent access to all the key operating data. Quick-change Technology for Small Production Runs The tool changing system in the RD 53 allows short changeover times for all format parts without auxiliary tools. The tool change is supported by the I...

Kunststoffe international, 2005-11-21, Pressure-Sensitive Adhesives ...
... ground. Most people have experienced situations like this before, suffering the inconvenience because a so-called pressure-sensitive adhesive failed. Pressure-sensitive adhesives are compounds or, to be more exact, polymeric compounds, that are permanently tacky. Scientific theories abound as to what influences tack and ultimately good adhesion to a wide variety of materials. However, it may be safely said that the strength of a bond is determined by the fine interplay between the polymeric a...

Kunststoffe international, 2005-11-21, Printing Plastic Surfaces Precisely and Economically
...f register and pre-register controlled, unrestricted access with cylinder transport or plug-in carriages and the preparation of unused printing groups during manufacturing. For short print runs, in particular, the new Ecoplus modules can lead to a permanent improvement in efficiency. In the planning and supply of complete factory systems for the preparation of leather cloth and other coated textiles, the printing of web goods must also be taken into account. For this, Coatema Engineering GmbH, N...

Kunststoffe international, 2005-11-21, Process Comparison: Profitable Injection Moulding with Nitrogen or Water?
...f the side cavities must be mechanically separated from the part after demoulding. The melt pushback process requires very precise volume dosing of the injected water, or the use of a shutoff nozzle. The permanent water exchange in the part interior allows maximum cooling time reduction for the flushing process. Fig.7. Schematic view of the processes Manufacturer Battenfeld GmbH Scherl 10 D-58540 Meinerzhagen Germany Phone +49 (0) 23 54/72-0 Fax +49 (0) 23 54/72-442 www.battenfeld.de

Kunststoffe international, 2005-11-21, Product Developments: Polyamides in the Engine Compartment
...emperature peaks of up to 190°C) and thus constitutes a much cheaper alternative to the glass-fibre reinforced PA 46 which is established on the market. The strong point of this PA 6 with 30% glass fibre reinforcement is its high permanent impact strength. Even after 3000h continuous service at 150°C, the impact strength has only fallen to half its original value, as is shown by Fig.3. Under practical conditions, this would correspond to driving some 150000km at a go. This material is thus clear...

Kunststoffe international, 2005-11-21, Pulsed Cooling Versus Continuous Cooling: Search for Sense
...hange in ejection time. Then the cooling time and hence the cycle time were gradually reduced until the ejection time had been increased by a limiting time value. At this limiting value, experience showed that the first cracks and permanent deformation of the component occurred (Fig.1). The cycle time at which the limiting value is exceeded is described as the minimum cycle time. In the conventional procedure with continuous cooling, the cooling-medium feed temperature is held constant. In this ...

Kunststoffe international, 2005-11-21, PVC Processing: The Historical Development of the Counter-rotating Twin-screw Extruder
...ffers design advantages for shaping the distributor drive: First of all, the two bevel wheels of the distributor drive, viewed from the screw tip, can move back so far that their average diameter assumes an adequate size for the permanent design. The distributor drive consists of very few parts, which leads to cost advantages during manufacture (Fig. 10). Furthermore, this solution offers good scope for designing the receptacle for the axial bearings [9]. The first conical extruders were built b...

Kunststoffe international, 2005-11-21, Radiation Technology: Grafting as an Upgrading Technique for Polymer Materials
...ne terephthalate fibres charge up less electrostatically after grafting polyalkylene glycoacrylate. Among others the following advantages of grafting by irradiation can be mentioned: - Stable chemical bonds develop. The effects obtained are permanent so that the properties remain for long times. - Incompatible polymer-polymer systems or polymer-monomer systems become stable since due to the chemical bonds separation is not possible. - In principle any polymer can be grafted. - The reaction ta...

Kunststoffe international, 2005-11-21, Reinforced Plastics: Caught Up Again
... enormous weight savings, a high flexural strength or a long service life speak for themselves. By comparison with plywood sheets, the absence of any swelling in moisture provides a guarantee of high-level properties which are retained on a permanent basis (Fig.4). The composite panels can also be used in many different applications in the transport sector. In the field of polymer systems, a new development was displayed in the form of an in-situ polymerising system. Cyclics presented Cyclics CB...

Kunststoffe international, 2005-11-21, Requirements for Manufacturing Products for Medical Technology: Guidelines for Building up a Practical Cleanroom Manufacturing System
...t ratio. Cleanroom equipment must be supplied and set up under clean and hygienic conditions. Contaminants in the system before the production line is set up usually remain undiscovered. They may form unidentifiable particle sources that permanently impair the cleanroom conditions and which in most cases cannot be eliminated. Taking into Account Maintenance and Servicing The process must be closed down for maintenance and servicing of the cleanroom and/or the air conditioning system. The clea...

Kunststoffe international, 2005-11-21, Risks of Ignoring the Rules: Holistic Cleanroom Planning for Medical Products
... monitoring system and extensive documentation are further criteria to be met. Novices to this field are likely to benefit from the advice of specialists. In the world of cleanrooms, the term monitoring means permanent logging, recording and archiving of actual process data, with the measuring instruments employed being independent of those used for control purposes. The Benefits of Professional Planning Naturally, costs play a key role in the decision whether or not to opt for professional pla...

Kunststoffe international, 2005-11-21, Rubber Processing: Smaller Batch Sizes and Automated Processes
...nd 80µm for surface monitoring, the system is capable of performing most of the usual tasks encountered in extrusion. In addition, various expansion possibilities are available for special applications. The system can be employed as a permanent inline quality station in the production line with transmittal of video images to the beginning and end of the line, so that the operators can see at a glance the quality currently being produced and react if necessary. Dimensional Monitoring of Four Pro...

Kunststoffe international, 2005-11-21, Safe Braking
...Bosch) since 1996 (as of ABS/TCS/ESP5). The use of PPS has also made it possible to reduce the volume of the accumulator pistons, even though the requirements on material used in the automotive environment have been considerably stepped up (Fig.1). Permanent Wear Resistance The RytonBR111 that has been optimised by Chevron Phillips for this application is a PPS with 40% glass fibre reinforcement and 25% mineral filler. It has substituted aluminium and was tested for its reliability in this app...

Kunststoffe international, 2005-11-21, Screw Pumps with Magnetic Couplings: Conveying Polymer Components
...sary for driving the pump is encapsulated in a “can”, which hermetically seals the pump (Fig.2). The torque is then transmitted to the shaft end through the can by a non-contact technique. This is carried out with two rotors fitted with powerful permanent magnets. The inner rotor is connected to the pump shaft, the outer rotor to the shaft of the electric motor. The inner rotor is then driven by magnetic attraction to the magnets of the outer rotor, which rotate a short distance away. The magnet...

Kunststoffe international, 2005-11-21, Sealing under Extreme Conditions
...ing of the cylinder head to the cylinder block. Thus, it can be easily removed and replaced in the course of maintenance work. The gasket can even be repeatedly adjusted without impairing its function. It proved particularly difficult to ensure good permanent adhesion of the gasket under the prevailing conditions. In conjunction with a special adhesion promoter, it was possible to demonstrate this in hot-water tests of over 2000 h at 120°C for an overall layer thickness of only 20 µm....

Kunststoffe international, 2005-11-21, Simulation under Pressure
...ick walled areas or ribbed geometries must be described (Fig. 3). Although a rib geometry can be represented approximately in a 2 1/2D model, surely it cannot be used to describe three-dimensional temperature and flow fields. For calculation of the permanent residual wall thickness with 2 1/2D models theoretical similarity considerations and the so-called capillary number are used. When a gas penetrates into a viscous liquid the gas does not displace the viscous liquid completely but leaves a ce...

Kunststoffe international, 2005-11-21, Solid Surface Materials
...dergartens and motorway service stations, hotels (Fig. 3), restaurants, bars and telephone kiosks. Soiling can be removed rapidly and without any problems, such as when cigarettes cause burn stains, self-appointed graffiti artists seek to make their permanent mark, or when careless visitors cause scratches, deposit chewing gum, or leave behind traces of nail varnish or splashes of ink. The surface can be readily cleaned with standard domestic cleaning agents and a scouring pad without losing any...

Kunststoffe international, 2005-11-21, Strategies for Cooling Moulds
.... Gorzelitz, managing director of M-Tec, Herzogenrath/Germany, which has 23 employees and specialises in the development of plastic parts systems. For reasons of costs and time, the automotive sector, which is characterised by permanent time pressure, will generally only perform a thermal design study on large moulds for, e.g., I-bars, air ducts and shock absorbers. Moreover, when such software is used in-house, trained employees are needed. “An Extra Cooling Circuit – Just to Be Safe” Freque...

Kunststoffe international, 2005-11-21, Strong Joint between Plastic and Metal
...ermal expansion coefficients of plastic and metal and by warpage of the plastic part. Consequently, the hole diameters usually have to be designed larger than the shaft diameters, even in relatively small parts. - The joint cannot guarantee any permanent prestressing but may become loose, e.g. on exposure to heating/ cooling cycles. In addition to this riveting method, there are other ways of joining plastic and metal sheet without using a separate jointing element (e.g. flanging). New Assembly...

Kunststoffe international, 2005-11-21, Successfully Introducing New Injection Moulding Technologies
...in function structure or sequence organisation are made. In the utilisation phase at the beginning of actual implementation assistance is still provided to surmount difficulties. Information collection in the search phase can be divided again into a permanent more or less systematic information retrieval part making regular use of media and target-oriented, problem-related information gathering for a specific technology introduction project. Continuous knowledge accumulation is an important prer...

Kunststoffe international, 2005-11-21, Synergy Creates New Technology
...ll as for the back injection compression process with laminar flow. Including the approx. 1 mm thick film, the overall thickness of the trunk lid is around 3 mm. Jointed-arm Robots in the Clean Room Technology Jointed-arm robots have established a permanent position for themselves in fully automatic production engineering. This can be seen by the fact that they have become indispensable both for large parts in the automotive industry and for ultra-small parts in the electronics industry. In this...

Kunststoffe international, 2005-11-21, The Future Role of the Plastics Producers
...illion with the start of the new millennium. Within the next 25 years, the number of people on Earth is set to increase to just under eight billion and, by the year 2050, the figure will ultimately be in excess of nine billion [4]. This will lead to permanent shifts in global structures. The economic division of the globe into the three big industrial regions of North America, Western Europe and Japan is already outdated and has long been unserviceable for statistical comparisons. Powerful indus...

Kunststoffe international, 2005-11-21, Thermoplastic Elastomers (TPE)
...ected on to it in Ponaflex TPE-S from Pongs & Zahn Plastics AG, Hamburg/Germany. The choice fell on Delrin because of its good sliding properties, its dimensional stability and the ease with which it can be coloured. Ponaflex forms a reliable, permanent bond with Delrin and ensures that the grip surface is pleasant to the touch. Foamed TPE Paul Müller Technische Produkte, Melsungen/Germany, has developed highly-loadable, foamed panels in “Microzell” Hytrel, which can be used for laying railwa...

Kunststoffe international, 2005-11-21, Torque Motor Solutions: Direct Drives on Film Pull Roll Stands Assure Constant Quality
...a direct drive both the speed (rpm) and torque must match the load requirement. Most of the time, this means a high torque at a low speed. The 1FW3 torque motors are liquid-cooled synchronous servomotors with a high number of poles and permanent-magnet excitation. They are designed as complete assemblies with water-cooled housing, bearings and hollow-shaft rotor. Designing the torque motors with a hollow-shaft rotor allows for flexible mounting concepts when installing on the production machine...

Kunststoffe international, 2005-11-21, Tracing the Cost Factors
...ue is still only comparatively rarely used for thermal problem analysis in injection moulding. Admittedly, relatively high investment is required for such systems, however the benefit is many times higher if they are used carefully for permanent reduction of cooling time, sampling of moulds, failure analysis on parts and moulds and in the preventive maintenance of machines and systems (see box). Particularly in the field of injection moulding, there is a wide range of possibilities for diagnosin...

Kunststoffe international, 2005-11-21, User Report: Quality Assurance as a Continuous Challenge
...upled with a high level of competitive pressure, and ever-faster technological progress are some of the major challenges that all companies are facing today. In the case of medium-sized companies producing parts for the big groups, this results in a permanent need for quality optimisation. The parent company of the Söhner Group, Walter Söhner Präszisionskunststoffteile GmbH & Co., with head office in Schwaigern/ Germany, invested in a computer-based quality assurance system back in 1992 already ...

Kunststoffe international, 2005-11-21, Wide Area of Applications: Upward Trend for Thermoplastic Polyurethanes
...re toughness and resilience at low temperatures. Another important argument for the use of TPU is its high flexural fatigue strength in the lower temperature range which is especially important in protective sleeves, which must be resistant to permanent significant deformation. Moreover, TPU has a high resistance to oil, greases and fuels. Nonetheless, as with all other plastic materials, contact with oils of a high additive content must be avoided since these additives can have a detrimental ef...

Kunststoffe international, 2005-11-21, “Nano Molding”: Permanent Bond between Aluminium and Polymer
Injection Moulding Permanent Bond between Aluminium and Polymer “Nano Molding”. Chemical pre-treatment of aluminum alloy causes nano-order hyperfine etching on the surface of the alloy. The injection of PBT or PPS onto the pre-treated aluminium part creates a firm bond between the polymer material and the aluminum alloy. The new technology called Nano Molding has a high application potential. Naoki Andoh Kagoro Osumi When aluminum alloy is immersed in a certain amine compound aqueous solutio...

Kunststoffe international, 2005-11-30, Fluoro Polymers: Safe Construction of Chemical Apparatus and Plant
...dability - ease of processing (extrusion and injection moulding) and - good thermoformability. High-quality In Terms of Properties The aforementioned fluoro polymers differ not only in their chemical structure, but also and especially in their permanent service temperature and chemical resistance. Several characteristic values are presented in Table 1. PVDF, for example, is suitable for semiconductor applications because of its high purity, very smooth surface and good leach-out behaviour. Not ...

Kunststoffe international, 2005-11-30, PTFE Multicomponent Compounds: A Material for Hard and Soft
...res, integrating lubrication. This multi-component compound with its bronze-carbon fibre blend thus combines two properties that were so far contradictory. Seals made from these relatively complex systems mark an important step on the way to permanent seals, e.g. in hydraulics. The Author Erik Peters is Market Development Specialist at Dyneon GmbH & Co. KG, Burgkirchen/Germany. Title picture. Virtually universal chemical resistance: fluoro polymers form the basis of numerous sophisticated sea...

Kunststoffe international, 2006-01-15, Preliminary Exhibition Report: Winter in Milan
...ing. Elio Cavagna S.r.l. (brand name: “Helios”), Galgagnano, is best known for its paper mills and cutting machines with longitudinal blade systems for fabrics, fibres and board. The so-called “non-stop” systems are designed for permanent operation. The unit does not have to be stopped even for format changes. With the Stilo-type blade holder for the longitudinal shear cutting devices, alterations to the cutting angle and rapid changeovers are no problem whatsoever. The TRC transmission allows t...

Kunststoffe international, 2006-01-31, Implants: Plastics with Programmed Memory
...trolled active ingredient release, degradability and shape-memory have a special importance for medical technology, e.g. in minimally invasive surgery. Andreas Lendlein Steffen Kelch Karl Kratz Shape-memory means that a material has the memory of a permanent shape pre-programmed within it in addition to its temporary visible form (“SM”, Fig.1 above). This permanent shape can be recovered almost exactly, for example by heating (spiral shape in Fig.1 below). In contrast to intrinsic material prop...

Kunststoffe international, 2006-01-31, Multiple Stopcocks: Permanently Lipid-resistant
Special Permanently Lipid-resistant Multiple Stopcocks. In comparison with amorphous polyamides, a specialty microcrystalline polyamide for medical technology has almost unrivalled properties. Its advantages lie in its very good stress cracking resistance and transparency in contact with various aggressive chemical media, and it is permanently lipid-resistant. Dirk Heinrich Multiple stopcocks (Title picture) and catheter connectors are indispensable components of complex infusion equipment and...

Kunststoffe international, 2006-02-23, Materials: Nature in the Car
...relationship in organic-chemical structure between renewable raw material and plastics. Through this chemical similarity there is a strong tendency for thermosetting plastics to establish strong ties to the fibres, for example. In the permanent competition between materials natural fibres also have a good starting position for other reasons. Among their advantages compared to 'conventional' reinforcement materials such as glass fibres rank weight savings because of the up to 50% lower ...

Kunststoffe international, 2006-02-23, Surface Activation: Effectiveness of Pretreatment
... 180° (hydrophobic). With surface tension, a distinction is made between polar and disperse interactions between the molecules [4]. The polar forces have their origin in different electronegativities of the atoms in a molecule, which gives rise to permanent dipoles. The disperse forces are caused by temporarily unsymmetrical charge distributions and are therefore present between all the molecules. Surface tension results from the sum of the polar and disperse components. The surface tension of ...

Kunststoffe international, 2006-03-23, PET Beverage Bottles: External Bottle Coating in a Stretch Blow Module
...er action. Dip coating leads to a non-uniform thickness in the barrier layer and is also not suitable for high-performance processes at present (typically up to 20000 bottles per hour). With spray coating, the geometric deposition process leads to permanent soiling of the system and hence to a reduced efficiency for the plant as a whole. The biggest drawback to the multilayer and conventional coating processes, however, is the contamination of the material cycle, making it more difficult, if no...

Kunststoffe international, 2006-05-23, Application Solutions: Nanoproducts Highly Praised – But What Are the Benefits?
...ies are formed automatically. These morphologies lead to different properties (Fig.5). Similar surface structuring can be produced with the aid of polyurethanes. They can be used to adjust surface mattness as required (Fig.6). This effect is permanent in comparison with methods where matt surfaces are produced by the addition of inorganic particles. The roughness of matt surfaces obtained by inorganic particle addition can be lost over time as a result of abrasive wear. The addition of organic ...

Kunststoffe international, 2006-05-23, Innovative Potential: Additives Now and in the Future
...e interface between the plastic and its immediate environment. Antistatic agents protect equipment and components, including packaged electronic components, from static electricity, i.e. from dust pickup and electrical discharge. In addition, permanent antistatic agents (e.g. Ciba Irgastat P) provide protection over many years – even if the surface is regularly cleaned. In this way, surface effect and long-term properties are combined. Another example of additives that benefit not the plastic bu...

Kunststoffe international, 2006-05-23, Trends and Products: Masterbatch Manufacturers in Germany
...ch sources for almost all plastics and applications. At present in Germany there are fifty enterprises that produce and market masterbatches. Matthias C. Hund The use of masterbatches can no longer be excluded from the plastics processing industry. Permanent price pressure and the concentration of polymer manufacturers on their core businesses ensure that consumption of masterbatches is constantly growing. Because plastics producers discontinued production of a great many custom-made compounds,...

Kunststoffe international, 2006-07-04, Clean-room Compatible 32-Cavity Needle Valve: Making a Point
...portant to minimise the wear of the gate, as can typically occur in needle valve systems with cylindrical gates when needle guidance and positioning are not precise enough in the region of the gate. The novel valve gate nozzle Z3345/… ensures permanent, high-precision positioning of the needles in the cylindrical gate. The wear is thus minimised and overall costs for mould maintenance are reduced. Since the valve gate nozzle Z3345/.. has a head diameter of only 25mm, it is suitable for cavities...

Kunststoffe international, 2006-09-26, Material Handling: Basis of Product Quality
...mbient air during storage or transport. In the area of drying as a processing step, plant producers are currently undertaking major efforts to reduce energy costs to a minimum. In recent years, many companies, most of all due to a permanent rise in energy costs, have stopped considering electricity and water costs as general costs. In turn, they relate these costs to the actual product, which clearly reveals the relation between costs of energy and those of the product [9]. Correspondingly, th...

Kunststoffe international, 2006-09-27, Interview with Hans Wobbe: “Permanent Productivity Increases”
...e developments possible,” according to Engel’s website. These are the responsibilities of Dr.-Ing. Hans Wobbe, Managing Director of Engineering at Engel Holding GmbH. Kunststoffe’s editor, Clemens Doriat, met with him for a conversation. “Permanent Productivity Increases” Hans Wobbe discussed the changes in the market, the competitors of the future and their relationship to a global presence and technical transformation. Kunststoffe: Automotive, medical, packaging, teletronics, technical inject...

Kunststoffe international, 2006-09-27, Profile and Pipe Extrusion: Precise, Flexible and Fast
...e. The pipe dies are mounted directly on the feed block [13]. Exchanging Products and Dimensions Small batch sizes and a variety of products lead to constant stop-and-go production. Frequent changes of raw materials and dimensions require permanent adjustment of the process parameters for the machine and ancillary equipment. Long retooling, purging and start-up times lead to long downtimes and financial losses in production. At the present state of technology, the purging time and therefore ...

Kunststoffe international, 2006-09-27, Trend Outline: Integration and Intelligence
...ction moulding all over the world. Due to the fact that the production of cheap parts and simple products is constantly displaced, a lot of orders with less demand for technology leave high-wage countries. Consequently, there is a permanent change in requirements and markets. What can we do to stop this drain? In order to safeguard economic production in high-wage countries, components’ complexities must be stepped up and their production automated (Fig. 1). In this way, large series of high-qua...

Kunststoffe international, 2006-09-28, A Holistic Approach: Integrated Engineering
...motive sector is the pioneer in this. Though still an exception until just a few years ago, integrated engineering is now used by many innovative first-tier suppliers. The basic idea is to implement the OEM’s requirements, which are: - to permanently improve quality through a low reject quota, - to reduce costs by fault analysis by means of simulation during development, and - to reduce the lead time by considering the project as a whole and operating efficient project management. Proma high ...

Kunststoffe international, 2006-12-06, News
...land, the new plant provides a further considerable increase in capacity. Eurofilms Heading for Success with Stretch Film Since its foundation, six years ago, the Polish stretch-film manufacturer Eurofilms S.A., Warsaw/Poland, has been on a permanent course for growth. With an annual production capacity of 27,000t PE LLD stretch film and about 7,000t PVC shrink film, the companies is one of Poland’s biggest film manufacturers. Increased sales up to PLN 138 million and the company’s debut on the...

Kunststoffe international, 2007-01-22, Complex Moulds for Foam
...s as a result of the radius, and the radius represents an optical edge. A parting line located centrally on the cover surface of a part should be avoided. Since a foam part can be easily deformed on removal from the mould without undergoing permanent damage, small undercuts with low depths can be demoulded without additional mould movement ("forced demoulding"). Below 0.2mm, such forced demoulding is not usually critical. Even greater depths are feasible, depending on the geometry and th...

Kunststoffe international, 2007-01-22, Rheological and Mechanical Design of Pancake Dies
Rheological and Mechanical Design of Pancake Dies Die Design In the European market, pancake dies have so far only found a permanent place, at the expense of spiral mandrel dies, in specialty applications, such as 8- and 9-layer film. One reason for this is that the high melt pressure causes bending of the dies. The Institute of Plastics Processing (IKV) has developed and verified a program for simulating such bending. Walter Michaeli, Peter Blömer, Micha Scharf While spiral mandrel dies hav...

Kunststoffe international, 2007-02-13, Automation Concepts for Cleanrooms
...safety ring has been moulded on. There is a simple reason why preference is usually given to articulated arm robots over linear robots for technical medical applications: Their fully-enclosed design, which covers all guides and cables, is a permanent guarantee for sterile production. Moreover, the use of an articulated arm robot permits a more compact layout for the medical cleanroom, which in turn leads to lower investment costs as well as reduced maintenance costs. Regarding the cleanroom itse...

Kunststoffe international, 2007-02-13, Injection Moulding Small Transformers?
...chieve good magnetic characteristics and therefore become attractive for technical applications in the low-frequency range of 50 to 60Hz. Mathias Anhalt Bernd Weidenfeller Since being mentioned in a French patent in the year 1955, polymer-bonded permanent magnet materials have become commonplace in electronic instruments, communications devices, household utensils, toys, advertising products and decorative items. The reason for this multitude of applications is simple: these materials can be...

Kunststoffe international, 2007-02-13, Multicomponent Technology in the Cleanroom
...o the hard component. The main advantages of this technology are evident in the product itself. The soft component reacts chemically with the hard component – that is, it can only be separated through destructive force. The high strength of the permanent connection provides a crucial advantage over assembled designs. Here, the safety requirements in the medical and pharmaceutical sectors are paramount. In addition, multicomponent injection moulding does not require a downstream assembly operatio...

Kunststoffe international, 2007-02-13, Sealing Systems for the Cardiac Septum
... a combination of a metal framework and a synthetic plastic covering or filling (Fig. 2). They remain a foreign material in the body for the natural lifespan of the recipients, who are usually children. It is known that after a few months these "permanent implants" are completely ingrown with the body’s own tissue, which takes over the defect-sealing function of the implant [3]. In view of this discovery, efforts are being directed towards the development of a fully resorbable implant. T...

Kunststoffe international, 2007-03-15, From Family Saloon to Transporter
... America. The transparent material, which appeared on the market in 2001, was the first to be based on Somos Oxetane Advantage chemistry, which guarantees not only very rapid and exact moulding of the model, but also a high green strength and permanent dimensional stability. Since being launched onto the market, the range of potential applications for this SL material has grown enormously. The fact that WaterShed can be used also on ViperPro installations makes it possible for developers to real...

Kunststoffe international, 2007-03-15, Higher Qualities, Lower Costs
...ire period of order and have them shown in a graphic presentation. Moreover, the circular buffer tool enables the user to watch process data online. Müller states that "with certain automotive orders, we check each shot. Yet, with some permanent items we record only 10 out of 100 shots as process data." In addition to the process data, alert limits can be set and, as they are exceeded, machine reject gates be activated, for instance. The IT head is glad to report that "the latest fea...

Kunststoffe international, 2007-03-15, Promoting Innovations with a Focus
... tests that simulated the average lifecycle of domestic appliances. The yield stress of the blend (ISO 527-1 and -2) was virtually unaffected by being positioned over a water bath at a temperature of 80°C for 60 days, even despite being in permanent contact with steam. "We designed the new material specifically for applications where hydrolysis resistance is of key importance, for example in extreme climates and with white goods", explained Dr. Thomas Eckel, product developer for flame-r...

Kunststoffe international, 2007-05-14, Beyond the Sound Barrier
...re produced, but as before contracted out for production. In 2003 management decided to buy a four-axis milling machine and the CAM software from PTC. "In that way we took the second step" declares Stolz who has now been appointed to a permanent position at Rinco. "The switch to 3D has given us more freedom and the ability to mill the receptacles ourselves. At the same time we were able to shorten production cycles considerably. Now instead of taking three to four weeks, we can desig...

Kunststoffe international, 2007-05-14, Everything in a Continuous Flow
...cells and even coating of architectural glass. By applying a magnetic field in vacuum, metal layers can be deposited on a plastic surface by means of PVC or sputtering techniques. Subsequent application of a hard coat makes the metal layer permanent and scratch-resistant Highly Flexible Production – Positive Reaction Ralf Ackermann, Director of Technology at Balda AG: "With the Decoline production system, Balda is inaugurating a new, cost-effective manufacturing method and the possibility...

Kunststoffe international, 2007-05-14, Mould Design from Pole to Pole
Mould Design from Pole to Pole Plastic-bonded Permanent Magnets with a Multi-polar Magnetic Structure can be produced cost effectively by means of injection moulding. In order to have precise magnetic signal control for applications involving sensor and drive technology, alignment magnets are incorporated into the cavity of the injection mould to generate alignment fields. The strength and direction of these fields must be laid out exactly in the mould. Stefan Eimeke, Aleksander Gardocki, Simo...

Kunststoffe international, 2007-06-18, Dynamic Temperature Measurement as a Prophylactic Against Rejects
...d other effects, such as batch-to-batch fluctuations, this assertion is not generally supportable. Very often, an optimised process is only sporadically and manually adapted to such changes, if at all. From an objective point of view, automatic and permanent adaptation of the machine parameters and switching signals to the process fluctuations would be desirable to ensure high part quality in the long term. Sensors Located Where the Part is Moulded The key to this is formed by cavity pressure ...

Kunststoffe international, 2007-06-18, Permanent Identification
Permanent Identification Marking Laser Two workstations for marking moulded parts and film produced in small lot sizes are presented. These are complete solutions classified as a Class I laser product and are fed manually. The permanence of marking produced through use of laser technology in particular has resulted in a breakthrough in this application over the past ten years. For instance, products can be tracked back unambiguously even after years. While laser marking first gained entry into...

Kunststoffe international, 2007-06-18, Production Technology for High-Wage Countries
...ed to Eastern European and Asian countries. Against this background comes the question as to what framework conditions are necessary if companies in high-wage countries such as Germany are to be able to successfully develop and produce products on a permanent basis. Of relevance to the national economy here are products that are addressed not only to niche markets but also to high-volume markets. How can these companies, for instance, succeed in increasing the value that they create on a sustain...

Kunststoffe international, 2007-07-18, Innovations for Medical Technology
Innovations for Medical Technology Technology Transfer The automotive and telecommunications industries are regarded as engines of innovation for the economy. Many of the developments from these industries, such as the injection molding of permanent magnets, or in-mold assembly, are increasingly also of interest for medical technology. Arno Rogalla, Dietmar Drummer, Manfred Riehl Inventions, technical advances or developments that are economically successful in a specific industry are called...

Kunststoffe international, 2007-09-19, Distinctly Lower Energy Costs
...ore, the gas heating elements are maintenance-free and do not operate with a naked flame. They are connected by a flexible gas hose carrying a gas connector to a gas outlet socket. An ionization electrode in the burner is responsible for the permanent monitoring of the flame. In the event of the flame going out, five attempts at ignition are carried out in quick succession. If these fail the supply of the gas/air mixture is automatically stopped. The main gas valve on the machine closes and the ...

Kunststoffe international, 2007-09-19, Energy Efficiency Taking on Increasing Importance
...ection molding, water-assisted injection molding permits a considerable reduction in cycle time on account of the higher heat capacity of the water. When subjected to testing, the cooling water pipe withstood media temperatures of 125°C on a permanent basis and temperature peaks of 143°C for short periods. Evidence was similarly provided of its long-term resistance following prolonged media storage under fluctuating conditions, at a pressure of 5 bar and temperatures of between -40 and 135°C. B...

Kunststoffe international, 2007-09-19, Prior to Film Extrusion
...lly, these are mechanical damage and atmospheric influences from oxygen, moisture, light and/or bacterial contamination. These functional requirements are accompanied by economic considerations. The obligation to achieve economic success in spite of permanent price pressure, and the efforts to minimize disposal costs, lead to increasingly thinner film combinations. One way to achieve the required properties is the use of multi-layer film structures, obtained by combining various polymers as well...

Kunststoffe international, 2007-09-19, Several Irons in the Fire
...eveloped the new Tempro Plus C cooling equipment series, which can be used as both an open and closed system with one or two circuits. Leak-stop operation, suction cleaning of the cooling channels on mold exchange and permanent monitoring of the return temperature are standard features. Process control and documentation are facilitated by an optional interface to the machine and pressure and flow monitoring. Remak Maschinenbau GmbH, Reinheim, Germany, has expanded its compact PulseTemp RPT 100 s...

Kunststoffe international, 2007-09-19, Versatile Material with Unlimited Potential?
Versatile Material with Unlimited Potential? Polyurethanes (Trade-fair-pre-report K 2007) The global market for polyurethanes has been growing steadily for years. It is driven by the desire for comfort, as in the furniture and automotive sectors, and for robust or tactile surfaces. At the K 2007 international plastics exhibition, manufacturers and processors will be providing information on new developments in these sectors. Virtually no other material combines an attractive appearance wit...

Kunststoffe international, 2007-10-21, Collapsible Cores Speed Up Closure Cap Production
...opening strokes, faster opening and closing, simple mold construction. If collapsible core technology is chosen, there are two alternatives, spring-mounted segments or segments sliding on conical surfaces. In high production volume molds ("permanent running") problems with lifetime of spring elements can occur over time, since fatigue effects can occur under high load cycles, particularly at high temperatures; in the worst case the elements may fracture. This more economical variant may ...

Kunststoffe international, 2007-10-21, Polyarylsulfones (PSU, PESU, PPSU)
...ceptional range of properties. These characteristics include [1 to 3]: - High level of mechanical properties over a wide temperature range (–50 to +180°C (PSU) or –50 to 220°C (PESU), - High dimensional stability and low creep tendency, - High permanent operating temperature, - Good thermal aging resistance, - Good chemical resistance, - Inherent flame resistance, - Transparency. PSU is the polyarylsulfone to choose, if the material with the best price-performance ratio is desired. PESU exhibits...

Kunststoffe international, 2007-10-21, Polyurethanes (PU)
...ats with areas that differ in hardness. For orthopedic cushions or hospital beds, it is important that the molded VE foam parts can be sealed immediately during production by using PU spray technology and applying a permanent waterproof elastomer skin (Baytec Reaktiv) (Fig.8) as an in-mold coat. This eliminates the need for subsequent time-consuming encapsulation of the molded parts, for instance, in plasticizer-containing PVC film. In the market for PU elastomers, hot cast elastomers in particu...

Kunststoffe international, 2007-10-21, Securing Data through Back Injection Molding
...owave). Integrating the Bonding of the Label into the Injection Molding Process For a long time only a very few multi-trip transport containers have been marked with transponders. In this application so called "hard tags" (transponders permanently enclosed in ABS or PU casings) as well as the classic self-adhesive smart labels have been used. Both systems have the disadvantage that they are not an integral part of the marked object and particularly when a specific external shape has to...

Kunststoffe international, 2007-10-21, Surfaces for Luxury Automobiles
...cision of the foil technology employed for in-mold labeling (IML): A plastic foil is shaped to match the required part geometry, punched out with the correct contour and then placed in the injection mold. Plastic flowing in behind the foil forms a permanent bond with it, and the foil becomes the appearance surface of the component. At locations where the foil was trimmed or has had openings punched out, the plastic itself forms the surface. As a result, extremely sharp demarcation between region...

Kunststoffe international, 2007-11-21, New Boost for Plastic Parts
...ed plastics and recyclate. Compared with painted part surfaces these types of film are insensitive to scratches. Since their level of gloss can be varied, it is a simple matter to adjust their optics to match those of adjacent parts. Moreover, permanent service strength is increased, since paint chipping is impossible. The new film is suitable for all interior parts whose designs lend themselves to the use of film coats. First sample applications include tunnel consoles, pillar linings and seat ...

Kunststoffe international, 2007-12-17, From Miniaturization through to Furniture Design
...table and is not affected even by aggressive media such as biodiesel. DuPont de Nemours GmbH, Bad Homburg, Germany, intends to counter the aggressiveness of the AdBlue additive mixture for fuels with a special Zytel HTN grade. This displays permanent resistance in terms of its mechanical properties and forms virtually no compounds that could contaminate the urea mixture. The innovation is intended for tanks, pumps and connection pipes. The light source of the future for vehicle lights is the LED...

Kunststoffe international, 2007-12-17, More Complexity, Speed and Intelligence
...material straight from the injection mold. SFIT (Soft Foam Injection Technology) is the term for the multi-component process for combining thermoplasts with a physically pre-foamed one-component PU (1C-PU) for permanent elastic sealing material (Fig.3) developed by the partners CeraCon GmbH of Weikersheim, Demag Plastics Group of Schwaig, (both in Germany) and mold maker Weidmann Plastics Technology AG of Rapperswil, Switzerland. This process requires only a one-component injection molding machi...

Kunststoffe international, 2008-01-15, Elastomer Industry Has Understood
...in large-scale production and are being marketed under the trademark Engage. They are characterized not only by a low melt index, hardness values ranging from Shore A 60 to 90 and very low densities of 150°C long-term. For permanent operating temperatures in excess of 150°C, designers have until now been compelled to use costly silicone (VMQ) and fluorosilicone rubber (FVMQ) for the affected components. High-temperature polyacrylate elastomers (HT-ACM) Hy Temp and Nipol AR from Zeon Europe GmbH,...

Kunststoffe international, 2008-01-15, Make-up for Plastics Surfaces
...conditions. The introduction of reactive chemicals into the gas flow at ambient pressure significantly increases the effectiveness of the surface treatment. In addition to this, a thin functional coating generates different permanent effects without altering the properties of the basic material. The process is an environmentally-friendly alternative to the traditional water-based chemical processes. PlasmaZone can be used to clean, activate or coat thin, flexible product webs or sheets. PlasmaLi...

Kunststoffe international, 2008-02-17, Growth in Specialties
...ance. Compounds are becoming increasingly important, especially in the area of highly filled materials, and this has led to an expansion of existing compounding companies and the startup of new ones. - There is a new chemistry for nucleating agents. Permanent antistatic agents are finally making a breakthrough after years of niche existence, because the automotive industry is striving to achieve high-quality plastic surfaces without painting. Advances through New Additives Advances in the addi...

Kunststoffe international, 2008-02-29, Writing under the Surface
...ered inside the film compound, causing no emissions at all. When laser marking pre-die cut labels, a filtration unit is not required, which is a high-maintenance and expensive item. In addition, the transparent built-in laminate layer is permanent and reliable in making any information on the label safe from mechanical wear and external impact. Another excellent feature is the polymer layers’ very high temperature tolerance, ranging from -40°C to +130°C, it can even withstand up to +150°C, for a...

Kunststoffe international, 2008-04-14, Off into that Most Prestigious of Disciplines!
...s) and they permit surface modifications to suit particular requirements (biocompatibility). One-way articles, which represent an essential aspect of any doctor’s practice or any hospital, are naturally a key field for the latest plastics, while permanent implants have not yet reached this stage. As far as the state of the art is concerned, permanent implants could certainly constitute an application for plastics. Those who harbor doubts should come and engage in the specialist discussions. Prov...

Kunststoffe international, 2008-07-15, Like a Single Piece
...elding process. In the course of an extensive series of tests on laser welds and various material samples, subsequent examination of the welded seams confirmed the expected good properties of the bond (Fig. 3). The results verified the high-strength permanent joints that are typical for the laser welding process. Moreover, no limitations in terms of process values and – in particular – cycle times were established during the tests. The use of Polyfort LH 400 in combination with hyb...

Kunststoffe international, 2008-08-14, Bio – What Else?
Who in the world needs bioplastics? – Obviously not many people still ask this question! Bioplastics have become a permanent factor in the packaging industry (and other sectors), and the demand for it can no longer be satisfied. Companies such as BASF, DSM, DuPont, NatureWorks, Mitsubishi Chemicals etc. are investing heavily in the manufacture of raw biopolymers. The reasons for this unusual market situation were analyzed at the Interpack in Düsseldorf, Germany. Demand Exceeds Supply Acc...

Kunststoffe international, 2008-08-14, Magnetic Clamping Systems for Multi-Component Molding
Magnetic clamping systems consist of permanent magnet segments in combination with electric magnets. Hereby, the electric magnets serve as “switching elements” that neutralize the force of the permanent magnets during mold changing. The magnets are fitted into steel plates, which are mounted to the machine platens. Of particular advantage with magnetic clamping systems is the fact that the entire clamping surface can be used. All types of injection molds – whether small or weighing several tons,...

Kunststoffe international, 2008-09-23, Blends with Controllable Peel
...% PE-LD film favors peeling behavior. With 20% addition of the COC grades 8007 (Tg about 80°C) and 9506 (Tg about 65°C), the following effect was obtained (Fig. 6): Depending on the sealing temperature chosen, a permanent seal (sealing temperature above 140 °C) or a peel seal (sealing temperature between 120 and 130°C) could be obtained. End customers can therefore determine the strength of the seal for a given film material. Wi...

Kunststoffe international, 2008-09-23, Tailor-Made for Complex Applications
...elties presented at the Fakuma can provide a good impression for the way in which suppliers are replying to demands for affordable mold construction and economical injection molding methods despite increasing complexity of injection molds due to the permanent further development of their portfolios.

Kunststoffe international, 2008-09-23, Withstanding the Heat
...s’ requirements. A household appliance will be approved globally, if each single component complies with all criterions of approval. For connectors it is thus indispensable to be UL-listed. Each listing is related to one single temperature of permanent use. While applying a certain intensity of current to a connector, the operator can measure the heat that develops there. This heat adds up to the temperature of the environment. Derating curves provide information as to the permanent envir...

Kunststoffe international, 2008-10-17, Polyarylsulfones (PSU, PESU, PPSU)
The permanent service temperature of polyarylsulfones can exceed 200°C. This class of materials thus acts as the amorphous counterpart to semicrystalline high-temperature plastics, such as LCP, PPS and PEEK. Added to which, the materials possess very good dimensional stability, which is accompanied by low creep and can be further increased by fiber reinforcement. The properties of PSU, along with PESU, which offers comparable chemical and hydrolytic resistance and is more heat resistant, and the...

Kunststoffe international, 2008-10-17, Styrene Copolymers (ABS, ASA, SAN, MABS)
...which releases microcidal silver ions continually over a long period. Such ASA grades are especially suitable for sanitary (soap dispensers, toilet seats, and the like) and hospital (furniture, equipment) applications, i. e. wherever permanent protection against microbes is required in both private and public areas. ASA films are suitable for coating wood, plastic or metal parts. BASF has developed a complete system solution for this under the name PermaSkin. Besides the film and...

Kunststoffe international, 2008-11-20, System with Unlimited Adhesion
...generous design of the holding force, the system operation is monitored by sensors. A new “4 in 1” sensor compactly integrates four individual sensors into a single functional unit. It monitors whether the mold is in permanent contact with the system, whether the magnetic flux level is within the set tolerances (to prevent a non-magnetic material being used for the mold platens) and whether the temperature and magnetic flux vary during production (in case an air gap occurs). The ...

Kunststoffe international, 2009-04-16, CMOS Technology Gaining Ground
...een described, which is of the same order of magnitude as copper [4]. However, for organic n-and p-conductors, other starting materials generally have to be used, which differ in their chemical structure. Unlike this permanent conductivity, the conductivity of the semiconducting layer in transistors is not created by contact with chemical substances but by applying suitable voltages to the three terminals of the transistor. Through the so-called “field effect”, charge carriers are attracted into...

Kunststoffe international, 2009-06-16, Laser Beams Precisely Controlled
Fiber lasers have found a permanent place in materials processing, telecommunications and spectroscopy as well as in medical engineering. Essential to the success of fiber lasers is the development of special glass fibers. Due to their excellent beam quality, fiber lasers are alongside of the diode laser as complementary sources. Function of the Fiber Laser The fiber laser is a type of solid-state laser in which an optical fiber serves as the active medium (Fig. 1). As with other types of laser ...

Kunststoffe international, 2009-06-16, The Time is Ripe
...ion molding process. The purpose of balancing hot runners is to eradicate the differences in filling times in the various cavities (Fig. 3). Initially, all the nozzles of the hot runner are set to a constant value, but the process itself is in a permanent state of imbalance. The cavities are filled at different times, a fact which must inevitably yield parts that have different properties. Figure 3 also shows the curves for the balanced state in which the nozzle temperatures – and thus the flow ...

Kunststoffe international, 2009-10-14, Endless Energy Savings
...s motors falls dramatically in the partial load range. However, this can be compensated by an intelligent frequency inverter that switches the motor model under partial load to that of a smaller, energy-saving motor running at full load. For permanent-magnetic three-phase synchronous motors (Fig. 7), the rotor is generated via bonded neodymium-ironboron magnets and therefore need not be generated electrically, with the attendant losses. This fact underpins the very high efficiency of synchronous...

Kunststoffe international, 2009-10-14, Granules Galore
...eresting developments can be expected. K 2010 combined with the predicted economic revival will surely bring new impetus. The trend in material handling at the moment promises a lot: automation, increased efficiency and flexibility combined with permanent availability will be headline news from the equipment manufacturers in Düsseldorf.

Kunststoffe international, 2009-10-14, Race of Products
...iguration of the ejector system and determine whether individual ejector pins are subject to critical loads, might need to be relocated or can even be eliminated. Furthermore, the plastic part can be analyzed with respect to loads applied and permanent deformation arising during the demolding/ejection process (Fig. 3). Heating and Cooling With the aid of the ''''subsequent heating process'''' module it is easier to make a decision as to whether the part should remain in the mold longer or it is ...

Kunststoffe international, 2009-10-14, Shape Memory Effect in Polymer Compounds
... change their shape when exposed to a suitable stimulus [7 to 9]. A schematic diagram showing the principle of shape memory functionality can be seen in Figure 2. In producing a component from shape memory material, the first step is to create the permanent shape of the part. By deforming this component above the socalled switching temperature (TSwitch), the temporary shape is then ''''programmed in''''. Subsequent cooling to below the switching temperature fixes this temporary shape of the comp...

Kunststoffe international, 2009-10-14, Sustainability of Continuous Production
... popular. About a year ago more than 100 units of this relatively new technology were installed [2]. Though the pipe extrusion applications are still in the minority, they are becoming increasingly impressive due to ongoing improvements. Besides the permanent development of existing high-speed machine sizes, research is continuing on smaller units (e.g. 35 mm units) for new application fields [3]. Not only smaller, fast-running units are enjoying greater popularity for pipe manufacture. Direct e...

Kunststoffe international, 2009-11-19, Each Runner a Unique One
...ally equipped with a so-called encoder which constantly checks the position of the valve and automatically implements countermeasures in the event of any deviation from a previously calibrated value. The system thus engages in permanent self-regulation. Integration in the injection mold is simple – in addition to the recess for the drive, all that is needed is for a small cable shaft to be incorporated in the mold. This means that the milling work that was required for hydraulic or pneumatic com...

Kunststoffe international, 2010-01-27, Process-Integrated Surface Modification During Injection Molding
...sting this process. It contains polyethyleneimine (PEI), a highly branched polymer with a large number of reactive amino groups. Investigations with model systems confirm that reactive coupling under injection molding conditions is possible. Permanent Modification Demonstrated in Actual Practice For the initial basic investigations, PC plaques (150 mm × 75 mm × 2 mm) (grade: Lexan 121, supplier: Sabic) were modified during the injection molding process. Various substances serve as reactive modif...

Kunststoffe international, 2010-03-17, A Permanent Bond
Adeep awareness of the need for environmentally friendly actions and legal regulations on emission limits require the automobile sector to use lightweight concepts that further reduce vehicle weight. Therefore the use of hybrid components in structural areas as well as non-structural items is increasing. The primary objective here is the replacement of steel components with plastic in order to reduce the weight whilst at the same time optimizing mechanical properties. DX56D hot-dipped galvanized...

Kunststoffe international, 2010-03-17, More Inside Value
...he slush molded upper surface of the instrument panel (photo: VW) Fig. 3. MAN truck cockpit and instrument panel made from PowderSlush PVC (photo: MAN) Fig. 4. Plasma reactor for coating polyurethane shapes with permanent release agents (photo: Acmos Chemie) Fig. 5. Coated (coating: iridescent) experimental mold made from nickel for instrument panels of the soon-to-be-retired BMW 5 series (photo: BMW) THE AUTHOR DIPL.-CHEM. BERNHARD KLEIN, born in 1952, is an engineering plastics consultant, who...

Kunststoffe international, 2010-09-24, Dynamic Temperature Measurement
...ly. In order to be able to carry out the characteristic correction, an additional thermocouple (tip) is installed at the measuring tip (Fig. 2). There is no inertia during the infrared temperature measurement as the measuring principle is based on a permanent registration and processing of the intensity of the IR radiation and not on thermal conductivity. For this reason, infrared temperature measurement is roughly 1,000 times faster than temperature measurement using conventional thermometers, ...

Kunststoffe international, 2010-09-24, Elastic Diversity
...cy. At the same time, the concepts must be sustainable, because if, for example, plants from the food chain become raw material sources, the stability of the food supply for the world’s population is endangered. To find a permanent solution to these problems, the whole industry will need to make determined and “intelligent” efforts, which must also include the area of training and continuing education. Fig. 1. High-voltage cables for electric car motors have a robust insulating layer produced fr...

Kunststoffe international, 2010-09-24, Material of the Future
... and CeraCon GmbH, Weikersheim, Germany, present a non-stick solution for this problem. Instead of spraying the interior of the molds with release agents that can be deposited on the finished plastic part, or having a permanent coating applied by an external specialist at great expense, they use the OpenAir atmospheric plasma technique. For the release-agent-free processing of polyurethane, a metastable surface coating is applied to the tool steel. “Metastable” in this case means a lifetime of o...

Kunststoffe international, 2010-09-24, Plastics Processing – Rapid and Reliable
...unctions of TruPath, SmartRemoval, Soft-Torque, PartTrack plus the energysaving option, EcoMode, but also with the innovative ACD function (Automatic Collision Detection). At speeds of less than 250 mm/s, this safety function, which is permanently active in the background, instantaneously recognizes any increase in the motor torque during horizontal displacement and switches off the motor once a preset threshold value has been reached. Hall 10, booth A04 Fipa Getting a Strong Grip With intellige...

Kunststoffe international, 2010-09-24, Sustainable and Efficient
...t can thus resist aging at 230°C for more than 3,000 hours, before its tensile resistance decreases below half the original value. The material was recently submitted to tests by a German OEM, then validated and admitted for applications with permanent operating temperatures of up to 230°C, which mainly refers to application in resonators, intercooler ducts and flaps. DSM will moreover bring to the market Akulon Diablo, which is a PA6 high-temperature material. This special version of Akulon was...

Kunststoffe international, 2010-09-24, The Dies Are Rolling
...-y-Mag series is designed for injection molding machines with clamping forces of 500, 700, 1,000, 1,500 and 2,000 kN. The clamping plate is equipped with permanent magnets produced in China for quality reasons (!). Poles are small – only 47 mm2, at 38 mm plate depth, which is why they only require minimum space in the injection molding machine. Thanks to these small poles, it is possible to optimize clamping force so significantly that, for instance, small molds can be fixed safely in the area o...

Kunststoffe international, 2011-02-21, Driving Force, but no Think Tank
...uction sites in China. At the K booth of Asian Plastics, the Supermaster TS series with IML system was at the center of attention. Equipped with an internal permanent magnet motor to drive the hydraulic pump, an SM200TSCEV produced a PP packaging unit including label, in a 4-cavity mold within under 6 s. Not only does closed-loop monitoring allow for shorter cycle times. It also enables higher precision (1 mm/s), if compared to hydraulic standard machines. The company claims that the machines co...

Kunststoffe international, 2011-02-21, Nanocomposites as Biomaterials
...g out the tests. Here efforts should be made to replace in-vivo tests by in-vitro tests to minimize the number of animal trials. Since the standard provides for various tests according to the contact time (shortterm contact, extended contact, permanent contact) and application site (tissue/bone, blood) of the medical product, there is no standard test that can be used for all cases. Every medical product that comes into contact with the human body must be tested for biocompatibility in its final...

Kunststoffe international, 2011-05-12, Predictive Forming and Backmolding
...r deep drawing and joining, and the work for handling the parts during production. Adhesion is Only Good to Hot Plates The backmolding process requires adhesion between the decor and backing. This can be done in various ways [3]. To ensure a permanent, adequate bond, the metal is usually first coated with an adhesion promoter or primer tailored to the plastic. In the injection molding process, the sheet temperature needs to reach over 100°C to activate the adhesion promoter and ensure adequate b...

Kunststoffe international, 2011-06-20, Resistance to Heating Oil with Bio-based Fractions
...ions. Figure 7 shows the NBR-H seal rings after 24 months of contact with oil type VI (20 % FAME). The rings on the left side were suspended without any further load, while the rings on the right were under permanent compression load as in actual practice. It is obvious that the NBR-H rings swell noticeably, with the radius almost doubling in size. This can obviously be reduced slightly by compression. It can be assumed that a seal in a properly designed groove would not have the behavior of the...

Kunststoffe international, 2011-06-20, Scratchproof Depth Effect in One Step
...are already focusing also on the imaging of complex structures and the flooding of moving mold elements. It is also a question of making the process even more cost-effective in future. Work is already being carried out, for example, on permanent mold coatings in order to soon be able to do completely without the release agents currently still necessary. Conclusion Through process integration, the Clearmelt method can contribute to improving the cost-effectiveness of production compared with exis...

Kunststoffe international, 2011-09-23, Making Connections
...ed in plastics, fiber composites and laminates, but also metals and wood. About 400 standard types are available in various shapes and sizes. Particularly for plastic moldings, the connectors are used where it is otherwise difficult to produce a permanent connection to other workpieces. The elements are not inserted into bores but embedded, -in, or bonded onto or into the part. This produces screwing and fixing points that cannot be torn off or out. Hall B1, booth 1209 Summary Many improvements ...

Kunststoffe international, 2011-09-23, Semi-Finished Goods and Finished Products
... modular screw segments, permits adaptation to the particular process. The matching Brabender metering systems and downstream equipment make it possible to set up entire scaled-down extrusion lines. Hall A6, booth 6211 Maintools Benefits from “Permanent Waves” Maintools GmbH & Co. KG, Schweinfurt, Germany, which focuses on the construction of extrusion systems for production of plastic pipe, is introducing new development in its fields of corrugated and wrapped pipe technology. In addition t...

Kunststoffe international, 2011-10-17, Polyamides (PA)
...he focus had been on high-speed polyamides – in particular easy-flowing materials – making mold filling much easier, especially of complex molds. However, a recent trend is currently obvious towards PA variants with a high degree of permanent heat resistance. Those components inside the engine compartment that originally used to be made of metals and could easily be replaced by plastics parts, e.g. engine covers, intake manifolds, or cylinder head covers, have meanwhile been exchanged for plasti...

Kunststoffe international, 2011-10-17, Polyoxymethylene (POM)
...M has established itself, for example, for the fuel delivery unit not only due to its high toughness and long-term thermal stability from -40 to 80°C, but also predominantly due to its fuel resistance and dimensional stability even with permanent fuel contact. Movement in the Automobile Market Following the global financial crisis, the market for automobile sales has recovered quickly with record figures being reported from all sides for the first quarter of 2011. The German carmakers Volkswagen...

Kunststoffe international, 2011-11-18, Let Off Some Air!
...iesel effect) which can again result in defects and/or burn marks on the molding. Frequently, a deposit is formed on the mold that will also impede a process-safe production without additional cleaning cycles – at worst the mold will be permanently damaged, for example, if the processing of high-temperature materials such as PPA and PPS is involved. For the past couple of years, new additives in plastic materials, e.g. flame retardants, have called for an appropriate ventilation of injection mol...

Kunststoffe international, 2011-11-18, The Hot Runner – A Customizable Injection Unit
...pprox. 42 mm between valve gate nozzles can thus be realized. Aside from pneumatic systems, hydraulic and electric (eGate) valve gates are available. The eGate provides variable control over needle speed, needle position and needle stroke. A permanent, intelligent, self-regulating system checks the valve position and automatically intervenes in the event of deviation from the set point. This energy-efficient electric valve gate system is ideal for cleanroom environment applications and for use w...

Kunststoffe international, 2012-01-30, Gentle and Economic Program for Screws
...the unmelted solid particles reach the sealing surface between the locking ring and the thrust ring of the non-return valve; as a result of the high surface pressure generated by the acting injection pressure, plastic deformation occurs there. These permanent indentations made by the material on the components prevent the non-return valve from closing or sealing reliably during the injection process. Excessive residence times lead to a deterioration in part properties due to thermal and thermo-o...

Kunststoffe international, 2012-02-24, High Efficiency Drum
... bar – the melt filter can be integrated into an extrusion line for the production of semi-finished stock or film without the need for a melt pump. The drum filter principle also shows advantages with elastomeric contamination: The permanent cleaning means that particles are not pressed through the holes. The primary application is industrial production scrap, waste with paper labels, dairy packaging, washed agricultural film as well as waste from film manufacture, electronic and electrical recy...

Kunststoffe international, 2012-02-24, Polymer Stents
...ay be no more than a barrier layer, or with active coatings that release drugs [6]. Even though the introduction of drug-coated stents did not solve the problem of re-stenosis, its frequency could be reduced to a fraction of its previous level. The permanent implantation of a foreign body (risk of inflammatory reactions) is thus the principal problem and ultimately is not desirable [4], which is why stents made of biodegradable materials are currently developed. Another advantage of absorbable s...

Kunststoffe international, 2012-07-23, Antimicrobial Finishes for Surfaces
... in critical hygiene areas are disinfected regularly. Antimicrobial plastics do not render disinfection/sterilization superfluous, but rather can complement them. In recent years there have been many attempts to use various additives to impart a permanent antimicrobial property to those plastics which are most important for medical applications, e.g. polyolefins, polyamides and thermoplastic elastomers (Table 1) [1]. The additives include organic and organo-metallic substances such as quaternary...