Diamond - PS, PS-E, PS-HI - Pak Petrochemical Industries (Pvt.) Ltd

Kunststoffe international, 2005-11-21, Continued Strong Growth: PET in Beverage Packaging
...th this process, which was developed by Sidel, a thin barrier layer of some 65 to 150 nm is created on the inside of a PET bottle by generating a reactive acetylene plasma in a vacuum through microwaves which then reacts to form an amorphous, diamond-like layer on the bottle surface. Another vacuum-coating process for PET bottles has been developed by SIG Corpoplast in partnership with Schott HiCotec. In the so-called PICVD process (Plasma Impulse Chemical Vapour Deposition), a glass-like SiOx l...

Kunststoffe international, 2005-11-21, Defect-Free Microstructures
...numerous applications in the communications sector. Mould making Methods for Microstructures Special mould making methods are necessary because of cavity texture dimensions in the micrometer range. Micro machining of brass or aluminium alloys with diamond tools is possible on suitable machine tools. Photo-imaging (called the LiGA technique in German from the words Lithographie, Galvanoformung, Abformung) is an expensive method that yields a high-quality surface. In this method, a resist (a fil...

Kunststoffe international, 2005-11-21, Dies for Multi-Layer Pipe Extrusion
...t corrosion, coatings with fluoropolymers can also be used in addition to rust and acid-resistant grades of steel. Dispersion coats of chemical nickel (nickel phosphorus NiP) with integrated PTFE and its anti-adhesive effect have given good results. Diamond-like carbon layers (3-5 µm) with high hardness, very low coefficient of friction and sufficient elasticity, seem to be a highly promising option for the future once the remaining technical production requirements in large plants can be ...

Kunststoffe international, 2005-11-21, Electrically Conducting Compounds: New Functional Material for the Automotive Sector
...o testing the filling and flow properties during injection moulding and to establishing the property profile of the compounds, injection moulding was used to make Campus dumbbell test specimens (with and without weld lines), sample panels with diamond-shaped flow obstructions, sample panels with abrupt increases in wall thickness (3mm to 0.5mm) and flow spirals. The trials were conducted on an Arburg Allrounder 320 S, 500, supplied by Arburg, Loßburg/Germany. Morphology and Electrical Conductiv...

Kunststoffe international, 2005-11-21, Growth Through Innovations and E-Commerce
...n customers access to the entire global product range of colour shades and special effects. This currently takes in five main lines of colours and special effects, including earth shades (stippling, marble and stone), gloss series (scintillating and diamond effects), interference products (layering effect that shines like mother-of-pearl), energy effects (neon: shines in the dark (Fig. 3) and chameleon: colour changes with the temperature) and also diffusion materials which give an impression of...

Kunststoffe international, 2005-11-21, Injection Moulding Microstructured Functional Surfaces
...ol. While this core, and thus the moulded plastics part, was being designed, special consideration had to be accorded to production aspects. Structures with dimensions far below 100 µm can be produced in optical grade quality by machining with diamond tools. Mould steels could not be used on account of the affinity of the diamond-carbon for iron, and so only non-ferrous metals, such as brass and nickel silver, came into question [2]. The test moulded part for the studies was designed to be...

Kunststoffe international, 2005-11-21, Market and Trends: Nanomaterials: Opportunities and Risks
...th a reduced heat of reaction. Significant Opportunities for Carbon Nanosystems Carbon has a long tradition as a nanofiller. As illustrated in Fig.12, there are two development directions: diamond and graphite. Diamond is known for its high hardness, scratch resistance and high thermal conductivity. Diamond nanolayers have been applied to surfaces by chemical vapour deposition (CVD) for many years in order to create hard coatings. Nanodiamonds, also known as molecular diamonds (diamondoids) are...

Kunststoffe international, 2005-11-21, Microtechnology: A Question of Detail
... must always be carried out at high precision. The pool of methods that can be used for micromachining mould components (Figures 1 and 2) extends from microboring, via micromilling in the variant 3D milling and ultraprecision milling (diamond cutting) to micro-EDM by micro spark erosion or micro wire cutting. Each of these machining methods has its technical justification. If a particular property is required during production that can only be reached by means of a particular production method,...

Kunststoffe international, 2005-11-21, Microtopographic Requirements for Injection Moulding: Optical Surfaces in View
Tooling Optical Surfaces in View Microtopographic Requirements for Injection Moulding. Injection moulding of functional optical surfaces requires not only a command of high-precision machining operations for production of the mould inserts, but also the ability to replicate these high-quality surfaces in the moulded parts. In fact, such surfaces exhibit roughness values of

Kunststoffe international, 2005-11-21, Model Test Systems: Wear Testing on Plastics processing Machines
...ehaviour of various tribological systems. In studies with the corrosion apparatus, too, material and time consumption are much smaller. By means of the two new apparatuses, systematic wear studies on hard, abrasion-resistant materials (e.g. diamond coatings, hard metals, ceramics), and corrosion studies can be carried out with good resolution. Acknowledgement The authors gratefully acknowledge the support of the Federal German Ministry of Economics and Labour (BMWi), via the Federation of Indu...

Kunststoffe international, 2005-11-21, Plastic as an Optical Medium: Plastic Optics with a High Functional Integration
...ction of lenses and other optical parts by ultra precision machining constitutes the predominant technology, since this is eminently suitable for working plastics. Ultra precision machining involves machining in three axes or more with single-grain diamonds, giving a high level of accuracy. This produces moulded part surfaces that can be used in optical applications in respect of both their polishing quality and their dimensional accuracy. For large-area and, in particular, thin-walled parts tha...

Kunststoffe international, 2005-11-21, Screw Pumps with Magnetic Couplings: Conveying Polymer Components
...ferentiation. The magnetic materials are melted in vacuum or in a protective atmosphere. Magnetisation directly from the melt requires complicated equipment and careful temperature control. The intermetallic compounds can only be machined with diamond tools, which explains the comparatively high price of the rare earth magnets. The maximum energy density of about 400kJ/m3 which can be obtained with NdFeB magnets is about five times that of AlNiCo, which was the leading magnetic material for many...

Kunststoffe international, 2005-11-21, Swiss Network: Nanoreplication in a Network
...d Tech - Thomas Hessler, Leister Process Technology - Wayne Tompkin, OVD Kinegram - Renaud Briod, SPT Roth - Tilo Callenbach, Weidmann Plastics Technology - Loris Scandella, Nanosurf AG - David Simoneta, KATZ (now Diamond SA, Losone/Switzerland) and - Sunggook Park and Konrad Vogelsang, PSI References 1 Gale, M.T : Replication. In H.P. Herzig, ed. Micro-optics. Taylor & Francis, London 1997 2 Köppel, S.; Schift, H.; Gabriel, M.; Kaiser, W.: Spritzguss stösst in immer kleinere Dimensionen vor...

Kunststoffe international, 2005-11-21, Wear Protection: Use of PVD Coatings in Plasticising Units
...est purposes, test plaques measuring 15mm x 12mm x 5mm were machined from corrosion-resistant tool steel (X36CrMo17, material no. 1.2316) and coated with TiN (titanium nitride), CrN (chromium nitride), TiAlN (titanium aluminium nitride) or DLC (diamond-like carbon). These plaques were then placed in a special injection mould with a gap of a few tenths of a millimeter [3]. Glass fibre-filled polyamide was then injected through the gap. The loss in mass of the test specimens after injection of 20...

Kunststoffe international, 2006-02-22, Film Processing: Embossing of Microstructured Plastic Film
...ng method. The Institute for Plastics Processing (IKV) has investigated how such microstructures can be achieved via this technique. For this purpose, microstructured embossing rolls were manufactured in the micromachining laboratory with the aid of diamond-tipped tools. Surface microstructures affect the optical and fluid mechanical characteristics of technical components. In nature, for instance, these effects can be found in the water- and dirt-repellent properties of lotus blossom leaves, ...

Kunststoffe international, 2006-07-04, Plasma Nitriding: Ejector Reduces Wear in Mould-making
...uring handling. Concerns that the black layer of the AV03 may discolour can be dispelled by a simple test. If small slivers are abraded from a bright-finished ejector, a light grey one and a black-oxidised one (Fig.3) by means of the diamond file and compared with one another, no colour differences can be seen. Whether bright or light grey, steel always oxidises at the surface. Under the microscope, the oxidised steel always has the same appearance – such as a black oxidation layer in the case o...

Kunststoffe international, 2006-11-28, Damage Limitation: Temperature Load During Drilling
...tures of several materials are illustrated in Fig. 1. The drills used in the determination of the tool temperature were a class K10/20 spiral-grooved tool of hard metal (HM) and a spiral grooved tool with soldered-in cutting edge of polycrystalline diamond (PCD) and the tool diameters were d = 8 mm. The tool temperatures were measured with the aid of thermocouples embedded in free spaces of the drills. It is virtually impossible to determine the temperatures directly at the point of action on a...

Kunststoffe international, 2007-08-14, Extremely Flat and Flexible
...ideal for printing coarse structures in the millimeter range, such as conductive strips and electrodes for electroluminescent lamps. Gravure Printing: In conventional gravure printing, the imaging elements of the printing form are engraved with a diamond-tipped tool onto a copper cylinder. The cylinder rotates in a pan, which is filled with the printing ink. The ink fills the depressions in the printing cylinder and is subsequently deposited on the substrate again. Aside from the dimensions of t...

Kunststoffe international, 2007-12-17, From the Plastic Part to the End Product
...d, and all technical materials, metals, glass or ceramic can be provided with hydrophobic, hydrophilic and protective or insulating coatings. A new development in this field is the coating of machine parts and mold surfaces with amorphous diamond-like carbon to increase its durability and service life, or to make lubricants superfluous for particular applications. To be continued Another article on the topic of finishing/surface technology will follow in the January edition. The second part...

Kunststoffe international, 2008-10-17, PET in Beverage Packaging
...OR A300) has been announced by Valspar, Pittsburgh, USA. Additional materials are under development or going into initial applications (e.g. Colormatrix, solO2 and HyGuard). Corresponding materials include MonoBlox from Artenius, Mendig, Diamond clear from Constar, Philadelphia, USA, and BicoPET from M&G. Very good barrier values are achieved when active and passive barriers are employed simultaneously. In this case, the passive barrier further prevents loss of carbon dioxide. Sl...

Kunststoffe international, 2009-10-14, Focus on High-Tech
...e to their high E-modulus and stiffness they are many times stronger than steel with only a fraction of its weight. They have electrical conductivity that is comparable with that of copper. Their thermal conductivity is in the same high range as diamond, the best naturally occurring thermal conductor. These properties predestine MWNTs as additives for materials such as polymers, dispersions, ceramics and metals. They can, for example, make polymers electrically conductive, improve the thermal co...

Kunststoffe international, 2009-10-14, Resists Bending and Breaking
... sinter activity. Residual porosities can be eliminated in the subsequent hot-isostatic pressing stage. During production, the part shrinks by up to 30 %. Precision parts with very close tolerances are ground in a secondary machining step with diamond tools. For prototyping, especially for complex and filigree parts, ultrasound-assisted grinding is used. The workpieces should be clamped in a 5-axis machine to allow them to be accurately machined from all sides. The first ceramic prototypes, such...

Kunststoffe international, 2010-11-25, No-Hassle Tooling for the Premier League
..., and whose design was exceedingly difficult to calculate in advance. Cooling channels were usually located where there happened to be sufficient space, multi-cavity and family molds were balanced manually at the gate with a diamond file. Since then, moldmaking technology has changed radically. Just think of stack and tandem molds, assembly injection molding, sandwich co-injection, plastic/metal hybrid molds, and 2-component thermoplastic/thermosetting or thermoplastic/rubber molds, to name ju...

Kunststoffe international, 2013-02-22, Reliable and Sustainable Melt-Pressure Measurement
... or liquid fill media. The diaphragm is made of a tough, corrosion-resistant nickel-chromium alloy (type: Inconel). Standard pressures of 1,500, 3,000, 5,000, 7,500 or 10,000 psi can be measured with a tolerance of ±0.25 %. The tip is coated with a diamond-hardened material for added protection against abrasion and corrosion and the sensor wall structure has been reinforced to handle side stresses. The manufacturer offers a four-year warranty on this sensor. Thanks to direct sensing technology, ...

Kunststoffe international, 2013-04-19, Injection Moldings for the Compost
...ady succeeded with 0.8 mm; and, with a flow-optimized mold machined with a diamond pattern, even 0.6 mm. It goes without saying that each material saving additionally improves the market chances (not to mention the cycle times). Biofibre and Billion will be putting a great deal of thought into this, too, as well as into their plan to increase the fiber content significantly, too. “We still haven’t exhausted the potential, neither w...

Kunststoffe international, 2014-01-23, Transparent Plastics: Minimizing Scratch Marks
...A total of 13 materials were subjected to different test methods (see Table 1). The scratch hardness test is one of the more elaborate tests, and entails more than just visual damage assessment. It consists in scratching the surface with a diamond stylus (Title figure) as per ISO 4586-2. Plexiglas 8N Crystal Clear showed the greatest resistance here. Whereas polycarbonate (PC), styrene-acrylonitrile (SAN) and polystyrene (PS) showed signs of scratches at a critical force of 0.4 N, scratches on P...

Kunststoffe international, 2014-04-14, Total Surveillance
...ofer Institute for Surface Engineering and Thin Films, IST, is now adopting a new approach. The researchers in Braunschweig, Germany, are coating the cavities of injection molds with piezo and thermosensitive thin-film sensors based on a robust, diamond-like hydrocarbon layer. At 9 to 12 μm (cf.Wikipedia) the thin-film sensor is no thicker than the natural wax layer on pine needles. With its fine electrode structures in chromium, this system, which can withstand high tribological stressing, mak...

Kunststoffe international, 2014-05-07, Arburg Technology Days: New Ways in Times of Change
...d to produce a flexible loupe on a 470 A Allrounder. The 4-cavity mold with needle valves and cold runners (Rico Elastomere Projecting GmbH) features cavities for the lens or its gripping area, respectively, that are diamond-turned and blasted. Cycle time is 40 s. Generally speaking, the in-house exhibition provides a good overview of all sectors of industry and markets, even though some visitors who have attended trade shows may have seen the largest share of the exhibits before. They include, ...

Kunststoffe international, 2014-07-22, Brilliant Looks
...form substrate thickness of this class of pigments. The exceptional transparency of glass-based effect pigments accesses enormous potential for brand name companies and designers in terms of packaging styling. As in a cut diamond, these pigments create 3-dimensional light reflection together with brightness and brilliance. These effects are the strongest on curved objects with sharp contours. Even under soft light, these pigments develop an attractive color gradient. In transparent plastics, the...

Kunststoffe international, 2015-03-17, Improved Testing of Continuous Fiber-Reinforced Plastics
...to 120 °C,strain rate range: 0.001 to 100 s-1,force range: up to 100 kN, andforce transmission to thermoplastic and thermosetting matrices.The individual test specimens are cut out of the fiber-matrix sheets with a high-precision, water-cooled, diamond-coated cutting disk to ensure optimum cutting quality.Deformation is measured contactlessly by optical means using a stochastic black and white pattern on the test specimen (Fig. 3) and a high-speed camera. With the digital image correlation metho...

Kunststoffe international, 2015-11-23, As Precise and Reliable as Clockwork
...eServiceDigital VersionA PDF file of the article can be found at www.kunststoffe-international.com/1228203German VersionRead the German version of the article in our magazine Kunststoffe or at www.kunststoffe.deDLC: Diamond-Like CarbonThe term DLC covers a group of seven different amorphous carbon layers. For moldmaking, they are mostly applied to the metal surfaces using the PACVD process (plasma-assisted chemical vapor deposition). Moreover, they are ideal for moving mold components, such as...