Withstand - Antimicrobials, biocides - Avient Corporation

Plastics Technology, 2007-10-03, Smaller, Thinner Connectors Drive LCP Growth
Strong demand for smaller and thinner electrical components that must withstand higher temperatures is pushing the envelope for suppliers of liquid crystal polymers (LCPs). This trend has prompted dev...

Plastics Technology, 2007-10-08, NPE 2006 News Wrap-Up: Materials
From PPs for frozen-food packaging to nylons and alloys that withstand the heat of circuit-board soldering or automotive paint ovens, NPE 2006 was rich in news of commodity and engineering resins and ...

Kunststoffe international, All about Plasticizing Screws
...ntioned that, depending on the types of additives and base polymers, there are large differences in the thermal stability of plastics. So some special types of material – for example for lens production – can easily withstand residence times of more than 30 min, while in plastics with medical ingredients degradation processes may already set in after only 2 min. Reference Value for the Length of the Screw At the stage of developing a specific screw geometry, the exact channel volume is of cours...

Kunststoffe international, An Impact Way beyond its Small Market Share
...its excellent non-stick properties. Modern flue gas desulphurisation systems in fossil-fuel power stations and waste incinerators deploy heat-exchanger systems to increase their efficiency. PTFE-based heat-exchanger tubes withstand the attack of highly corrosive substances that are released when flue gases cool to temperatures far below the acid dew point. A good example of this application is the AlWaFlon tubes by Wallstein Ingenieur GmbH, Recklinghausen, Germany. They feature an exceptionally ...

Kunststoffe international, Delivering Efficiency Even in Harsh Environments
...er component life due to its resistance against aggressive media and excellent wear resistance, which help outperform not only metals but also other polymers. PEEK also enables functional integration and miniaturization in smaller spaces while withstanding the high loads and high temperatures. Using PEEK polymers NVH (Noise, Vibration, Harshness) issues, i. e. rattle and whine of metal gears in mass balance systems, crank gears, pump and accessory drives, can be reduced by up to 50 %. Compared ...

Kunststoffe international, Influences on Microdamage Strain Limits
...property [3]. Below εcr, the deformation behavior of many polymers is basically linear-viscoelastic [1], a fact which permits the application of Hooke’s law. Under temporary loading, some polymers can withstand strain levels which are significantly higher than εcr, without suffering microdamage (Fig. 1). This time-dependent decrease in the microdamage strain limit, will be denoted here by εμ(t). It marks the limit of stationary creep and reversible deformability. The higher the stress σ in the c...

Kunststoffe international, Polypropylene Beats Aluminum
...ed mainly from aluminum. Recently, however, a number of vehicles have caught fire after objects lying in the road were flung up at high speed against the battery trays. These components were designed to resist low-speed impact stresses and could not withstand this ballistic impact. As a result, the objects pierced the trays and damaged the batteries, which then began to burn. ElringKlinger AG, Dettingen an der Erms, Germany, therefore developed a ballistic-impact-resistant battery tray system. I...

Kunststoffe international, Present in a Multitude of Trends
...xample, for the packaging of breast implants (Fig. 6). Its high level of toughness and stiffness protects the contents from damage. It is also able to withstand temperatures of up to 163 °C in pressure autoclaves when the packages are sterilized with steam.

Kunststoffe international, Replacing Metal in the Gearbox
...value of 0.8 mm. Such low deformation was necessary to prevent the shifter fork from jamming when positioned at an angle and to prevent increased wear on the shifter sleeve and synchronization. In addition, the component had to withstand an abuse load of 2400 N at an elevated temperature of 160 °C without damage (Fig. 1). Which materials would make good candidates for this? Chopped, long, or continuous fibers made of carbon or glass, various thermoplastic matrix materials, or even thermosets? Th...

Kunststoffe international, Sanitary Prototypes with High Requirements
...type in hand, we can immediately evaluate its function together with our production partner.” With the durable Sintratec PA12, Geberit prints objects such as water housings, distributors or test specimens that can withstand water pressure up to 48 bar. Geberit uses the flexible Sintratec TPE material for seals on illustrative models, sound insulation parts (for the decoupling of water noise) or thermal insulation parts. In order to satisfy the developmental curiosity of engineers and laboratory ...

Kunststoffe international, Strong in Medicine and Sanitary Applications
...facturing practices” (GMP) and commercialized following a very stringent medical protocol that is in accordance with ISO 15378. The intrinsic properties, such as contact transparency, flexibility and a high enough melting point to withstand critical sterilization temperatures make this material most suitable for medical fluid containers, especially when produced by the BFS process. Prior to each treatment, specific and sensitive diagnostic methods are key to allow doctors to define the next step...

Kunststoffe international, 2005-11-21, Additives: Tough and Heat-resistant: New Silicone Particles for Thermosets
...nics, which has meant an increase in the temperature stress on the component during soldering from 230 to over 250°C. The use of nanoscale silicone particles as a toughening agent now enables components to withstand the stress of leadfree soldering because the particles significantly increase the resistance of resin formulations to so-called “popcorn cracking”. This property also opens up promising applications for core-shell particles in the field of electronic coating materials. These include...

Kunststoffe international, 2005-11-21, An Alternative?
...ewly developed SEBS product ThermolastK (grade: HTP8529/94) shows clearly that TPE comes very near the target LSR curve (Fig.1). The clearly most stringent requirements are on keypads to be used in PC keyboards. Depending on customer, they must withstand 10 to 20 million switching cycles. After the endurance test the switching force may decrease by 10% at most. Tests are made at a frequency of 8Hz at ambient temperature. The material must fulfil fire protection requirements according to UL94HB....

Kunststoffe international, 2005-11-21, Anisotropic Parts Design: The Right Orientation
...ction is much greater than in the transverse direction. The locally variable fibre orientation effects strong local fluctuations in the elastic modulus, a fact that generates higher stresses in the part than in the isotropic case. Whether a part can withstand the stresses depends again on the fibre orientation in those areas under high load. The part can withstand much higher stresses in the fibre direction than transverse to the fibre direction. The same stress can lead to breakage in one place...

Kunststoffe international, 2005-11-21, Automobile Construction: A Substitute for Sheet Metal
...sistant. In conjunction with its low mass, this is a relevant feature particularly given the high dynamic load caused by the engine’s vibrations. Thanks to PA 6’s heat distortion temperatures up to 190°C (HDT/A), the cover parts can withstand continued use temperatures of 140°C with short-time peaks of 170°C. Furthermore, they are sufficiently resistant to oils, greases, diesel fuel and many other typical marine-related chemical agents for use in the engine room. The engine covers partially re...

Kunststoffe international, 2005-11-21, Automotive Industry: Innovative CFRP Technology for Volume Production
...elasticity and strength data related to the material density are regarded as specific properties and compared with one another. Fig.1 shows the necessary weight of an alternative material related to the reference material (steel) to enable it to withstand a given flexural or buckling load (stiffness). It is evident that AdvancedSMC is likely to yield considerable weight savings compared with steel and aluminium, because the stiffness properties of the new composite material are very similar to t...

Kunststoffe international, 2005-11-21, Behind Bars
...road temperature range and good acoustics, there was the further aspect of the high ductility required of the materials chosen for use. This ductility is particularly necessary for the spring integrated into the lock housing. Finally, this must withstand up to 100000 door impacts without changes in the spring characteristics or breakage of the spring. FEM and Moldflow Calculations Based on these requirements KiekertAG chose glass-fibre reinforced PBT (grade: Celanex2300GV1/30, manufacturer: Ti...

Kunststoffe international, 2005-11-21, Biodegradable Materials
...uture material that biodegrades in the body. Interestingly, there are also applications in which the biodegradability is of no importance. For instance, because of its high impact strength, cellulose acetate is used for screw driver handles that can withstand hammer blows. Starch blends are also suitable for printable, matt coatings on paper and cellulose film for sweet wrappers that do not unwind themselves. Disposal From a technical viewpoint, all disposal routes suitable for thermoplastic p...

Kunststoffe international, 2005-11-21, Bonding of Plastics
...C moulding compounds often employed in automotive construction, the mould release agents on the surface must be borne in mind. But, given appropriate priming, epoxided and polyurethane adhesives may be used. The heat stress which a bonded joint can withstand depends critically on the properties of the material and the adhesive. The adhesive should have a high glass transition temperature in this case. For small area bondings, cyanoacrylate adhesives have proved ideal as they adhere outstandingly...

Kunststoffe international, 2005-11-21, Bonding of Plastics
...several research disciplines to collaborate better than they have done in the past. Fig. 1. Nowadays, the panes of glass and the plastic outer skins are bonded onto trams Fig. 2. The bonded joints of bonded-in portholes and panes of glass have to withstand great loads in this high-speed ferry Fig. 3. To be able to fully exploit the potential of bonded joints, employees must be given appropriate training Fig. 4. In high-performance aircraft construction, fibre-reinforced plastics are bonded ...

Kunststoffe international, 2005-11-21, CAD/FEA Integration: Water Pump with Improved Long-term Performance
... requirements for dimensional stability, chemical resistance and low creep without any problems. “In addition, the pump had to operate at temperatures from –40°C to +135°C“, said Wim de Bock. “Phenolic resins can withstand such temperature fluctuations very well.” The first step was to analyse the existing design to identify local stress peaks. The CAD model of the metal part was imported directly from the high-end CAD system Unigraphics into SolidWorks and analysed in the same environme...

Kunststoffe international, 2005-11-21, Colours in Light
...p of the macromolecules even out the stress peaks in the notch, which practically smoothes itself out. The flexible window has greater scratch resistance than the conventional materials used for these applications, and can also withstand automatic car washes. High flexural resistance and fold resistance ensures that the window does not lose its transparency, even at highly stressed regions. Thanks to the flexibility of the part, the roof can be stowed in an extremely small space. Another advanta...

Kunststoffe international, 2005-11-21, Concrete Building: Plastics Replace Plywood
...Tüchert More than 10000m² of formwork for walls and ceilings were used on the big building sites for the Reichstag in Berlin alone (title photo). The mechanical stressing that acts on this formwork is enormous. Soffit formwork not only has to withstand the weight of the concrete itself but also high traffic loads, while the wall formwork has to stand up to high concrete pressures of up to 80kN/m² – with the lowest possible deflection. Alongside these mechanical requirements, a perfect...

Kunststoffe international, 2005-11-21, Continuous Growth: Polyarylether Ketone (PAEK)
...ents employed as well. Examples of these include coax and other micro-plugs (Figs. 5 and 6), electrolytic capacitors (Fig. 7) and trim potentiometers (title photo). These parts are required to display good electric and dielectric properties, withstand lead-free soldering, provide flame resistance without halogens and, at the same time, offer mechanical integrity – a requirement profile that PEEK can furnish in these applications. Cable ties in PEEK have been developed for particularly demanding ...

Kunststoffe international, 2005-11-21, Continuous Monitoring of Quality Parameters
...h temperatures and pressures, - transmitters and receivers for ultrasonic signals as well as - appropriate data acquisition means and software. Additionally the system can record pressure and temperature if necessary. All components are designed to withstand the process conditions characteristic of polymer processing such as high temperature, high pressure or high abrasion. The ultrasonic transducers are positioned behind the end of the extruder screw and operated in pulse-transmission mode (opp...

Kunststoffe international, 2005-11-21, Convertible Top Systems: Convertible Top – Lightweight and Made Easy
...ll as suitability for sewing and/or welding must be taken into account for plastic parts in a convertible top. Plastic parts in the steel cover support must not lead to contamination of the CDL bath (CDL: cathodic dip painting) and they must also withstand being loaded in a drying furnace at up to 200°C for about 20 minutes without damage. These requirement profiles must be applied to the part requirements on the top with regard to the specific installation situation. FEM simulation of the manuf...

Kunststoffe international, 2005-11-21, Conveying, Dosing and Mixing
...al for cost saving. Even the choice of processes and equipment for conveying, dosing and mixing can form the basis for successful production. Product cycles on the plastics processing market are becoming shorter, as demands on quality increase. To withstand the severe cost pressure, especially at German production sites, and prevail on the market, plant manufacturers and operators in the plastics producing and processing industry must be able to leverage existing cost saving potential. Simply ...

Kunststoffe international, 2005-11-21, Cost Consciousness: Modern Technology is More Economical than Low-spec
...the simplification of machines through minimisation of features offered. The Competitive Situation in Europe The European injection moulding machine manufacturers are all confronted by this price pressure and have taken a variety of measures to withstand it in the face of stagnating machine sales in Europe. These include stripped-down machine series as an “entry-level version”, readily configurable machine series based on a modular design, and a general elimination of over-engineering. In spite...

Kunststoffe international, 2005-11-21, Cost-effectiveness: In-mould Decoration on Modified Standard Machines
...e thermoplastic melt during in-mould decoration. If the foam were to be exposed directly to these ambient conditions, it might collapse or suffer mechanical damage. Preliminary tests showed that the foam has to have a density of at least 60kg/m³ to withstand the pressures and temperatures of IMD. A crucial design aspect of interior trim concerns the radii that can be generated on back-moulded parts. The attainable radii vary with the overall geometry as well as the thickness and the composition ...

Kunststoffe international, 2005-11-21, Custom-tailored Engineering Materials: Polyphenylene Ether (PPE)
...chnology for dispersion of conductive carbon black in (PPE+PA) alloys. This technology was developed especially to replace tough metal body components. Vertical body components made from these resins, such as fenders/wings, have shown that they withstand the common collision tests without permanent deformation. The productivity benefits of conductive (PPE+PA) grades include the elimination of primer and online paintability. This ensures outstanding colour matching and reduces total system costs....

Kunststoffe international, 2005-11-21, Customer-oriented Globalisation: Process Technology as Strategic Instrument for Developing New Markets
...heir European machine technology to the distant target market? This leads to the question: Does the particular company want to become established in the target market early, and does it have the determination and willingness to also withstand difficult phases? This approach requires a different consideration of the target markets, even though these have been defined continentally to date. It stands to reason that such a “macro-consideration“ will lead to misinterpretations, since Southeast Asia,...

Kunststoffe international, 2005-11-21, Dashboards Meet Highest Requirements
...quired here. Materials that only attain the necessary elasticity through the use of plasticisers are inevitably subject to relatively severe ageing and hence changes in their properties due to plasticiser diffusion. The surface of a dashboard must withstand intensive UV exposure without any change in properties. Aliphatic TPU is characterised by high UV stability and light fastness so that both the Yellowness Index (Y. I.) and the colour change value delta E remain within very close tolerances (...

Kunststoffe international, 2005-11-21, Designed for the Sun
...Demands on the Supporting Panels Depending on the application, the supporting panels must comply with very stringent requirements with regard to mechanical and thermal load under UV radiation. Flat roofs must on principle be able to withstand intensive solar radiation, acid rain, hail and large amounts of snow over a prolonged period. Wind, on the other hand, produces a suction effect and pulls on the roof. The equipment used in the field of street furniture such as bus shelters are often expos...

Kunststoffe international, 2005-11-21, Details of Economic Development: High-density Polyethylene (PE-HD)
...he field of steel pipe coatings, newly developed multi-modal PE-HD types in combination with new grafted bonding agents have, in the last few years, expanded the application window for the use of PE as an anti-corrosion layer, as they can now withstand higher service temperatures. These new multi-modal PE-HD sheathing materials are replacing the PE-MD and PE-LD types used in modern 3-coat systems (consisting of epoxy resin, PE-LD/LLD bonding agent and PE top coat). Versatility is of the Essence ...

Kunststoffe international, 2005-11-21, Development Trends: Extrusion Blow-moulded Automotive Components
...rt of conditioned air from the air-conditioning unit to the diffusers (Fig.1) with a minimum of flow resistance. The permission of only a minor pre-defined air leakage rate significantly limits the production processing tolerances. In order to withstand the high temperatures in the car interior, the formerly standard polyethylene with a high density (PE-HD) is progressively being replaced with polypropylene (PP). In their performance specification, most car manufacturers demand a resistance to t...

Kunststoffe international, 2005-11-21, Die Optimisation: Flexible Die Walls
...ut they have already proved their mettle in a number of production lines. This technology offers plenty of new scope for process engineering, especially in plastics technology. Some applications have already shown that metal walls can be designed to withstand high pressure on the one hand and still be able to undergo considerable deformation on the other. This deformation is completely reversible and so the original state prior to deformation can be regained at any time. This new technology lend...

Kunststoffe international, 2005-11-21, Dimensional Stability and Impact Strength
...bility, but with considerably lower input material costs, can also be achieved through optimisation of the blend composition in respect of the PC and rubber component (Luran S KR 2868 C). Thermal Stability Apart from short-time heat resistance to withstand painting processes, good stability during long-term service is also essential. In order to assess this property, puncture tests were conducted at room temperature (ISO 6603-1) on specimens that had undergone storage at 90°C (see Fig. 4)....

Kunststoffe international, 2005-11-21, Driving the Automotive Industry: Engineering Elastomers
...her- and fire-resistant hydraulic hoses for the maritime sector with an inner core of NBR and a CR outer layer. Both elastomer layers have good adhesion to steel wire reinforcement, withstanding bursting pressure peaks of 400 bar and continuous pressure loading of 300 bar. The estimated demand for NBR (service temperatures from –40°C to 125°C) is 380kt/a. The Chinese market is estimated to be 70kt/a. The complex product range comprises gasoline and oil-resistant hoses, seals, roller coverings, h...

Kunststoffe international, 2005-11-21, Drying, Conveying and Dosing of PET
...eying medium. To minimise heat losses and noise along the conveying paths, the entire conveyor pipe system is insulated. The feed stations are suitably equipped with special Viton seals and all electrical and electronic components are designed to withstand the high temperatures. An air/water heat exchanger was connected upstream of the vacuum pumps to protect them. A multiple feed station conveying system designed for lower temperature ranges supplies the dosing systems with non-hygroscopic mate...

Kunststoffe international, 2005-11-21, Economical Production of PU Parts
...e" in the raw materials into solution. This leads to transparent and non-porous parts. With advances in mould construction, steel and aluminium moulds are being supplemented by epoxy resin and face casting moulds ("Frontguss"). They can withstand the relatively high cavity pressures necessary for PU-RRIM technology. The moulds have similar properties to steel moulds as regards dimensional stability and surface quality. Such moulds can now produce up to 20 000 parts, and therefore off...

Kunststoffe international, 2005-11-21, Editorial: Light and Versatile
...tics packaging materials were to be included in this balance sheet, the significance of this particular area of application for our economy would become blatantly obvious. This importance is also highlighted by the fact that this segment was able to withstand the difficult economic conditions of the past few years. Moreover, the consumption rate for plastics packaging items in terms of weight has been rising steadily, despite the fact that plastics packaging itself has become increasingly lighte...

Kunststoffe international, 2005-11-21, Efficient Project Development
...resistance: PA MXD6-GF50 has excellent creep resistance, even under high stresses. Permanent deformation after 1000-hour exposure to a load of 50 MPa at 50°C is less than 1 %. - High resistance to mechanical stresses: Many engineering parts must withstand dynamic stresses, e. g. vibrations. From the Wöhler curves in Fig. 1, it can be seen that, after 10 million cycles, PA MXD6-GF50 has higher residual strength than aluminium (AG6) and zinc alloys (4 % Al, 0.4 % Mg). - Flowability: The very g...

Kunststoffe international, 2005-11-21, Efficient Warehousing and Shipping Solutions
...ain Insert frame for receiving thermoformed workpiece holders for assembling the DaimlerChrysler E Class Refrigerated containers for transportation must withstand large temperature differences The Utz Group The Utz Group recently saw two fundamental changes. The newly founded companies were originally subsidiaries of Georg Utz AG. Four years ago, a holding structure was developed as a basis for flexible response in all markets. There is a joint annual budget, which is drawn up on a decentral...

Kunststoffe international, 2005-11-21, Elastomers
... also to exotic applications such as roll coatings with a coating wall thickness of 10cm for rollers in freight compartments of transport aircraft, which must withstand severe temperature fluctuations (+50 down to –40°C) without undergoing embrittlement, while maintaining good mechanical strength and abrasion resistance. Rolls play an important role in many industrial sectors: hard (70ShoreD) rolls of peroxide-cured HNBR are used for conveying, pressing, calendering, drawing, applying media ...

Kunststoffe international, 2005-11-21, Elastomers: Flexible and Customised
...stained demand for this material for pneumatic springs in transport engineering. However, this rubber – like CSM – can no longer cope with modern conditions under the hood. Fuel hose covers, e.g. over turbochargers, have to withstand high continuous service temperatures. This can be achieved by using special EVM rubber formulations, which are also provided with resistance to oxidative degradation, oil and low temperatures (Lanxess). Besides improved flowability and demoulding behaviour, a key fo...

Kunststoffe international, 2005-11-21, Engineering Network: Additional Knowledge Instead of Competition
... composite for the BMW M3 are manufactured by thermoforming and HF welding (photo: Doriat) Fig. 5. The high-performance composite thermoforming press can be used to produce structures in continuous fibre composites that can withstand very high loads (photo: Doriat) Fig. 6. High-frequency welding tool for the bumper support in a thermoplastic advanced composite Fig. 7. Company founder, Manfred Jacob, in front of a "museum piece". This machine dates back to the very beginnings of the co...

Kunststoffe international, 2005-11-21, Epoxy Resins (EP)
...sion moulding (VARTM) applications, and provide an unparalleled combination of properties, including a short demoulding period, ultra-low viscosity, good mechanical and thermal properties and good corrosion resistance. Parts can be designed that can withstand the tremendous kinetic energy associated with constant vibration and exposure to extreme weather conditions over a broad range of temperatures. Fabricators have designed blades larger than 150 feet long. Epoxy vinyl ester resins have long b...

Kunststoffe international, 2005-11-21, Escalators Made of Plastics
...to fulfil the requirements for minimum warpage with a standard PBT. Tailor-Made Blend Satisfies Stringent Requirements The standard polybutylene terephthalate which was initially selected is a semi-crystalline engineering thermoplastic which will withstand high dynamic loading and displays a series of advantageous basic properties. It offers good heat resistance, strength and hardness as well as excellent antifriction properties. Over and above this, it has a high abrasion resistance, low susc...

Kunststoffe international, 2005-11-21, Evolution, Not Revolution
... wait and see what the results are - perhaps they will be demonstrated at the next Euromold. As for tooling methods, it is quite clear now that customers want a "proper" mould, even if it is short-lived. They want a tooling mould that can withstand even the fast injection speeds of fibre-reinforced materials, high injection temperatures and injection pressures. It was evident at Euromold that there are three very promising processes in the running here: Keltool from 3D Systems with its h...

Kunststoffe international, 2005-11-21, Expanded Boundaries
...n goes hand in hand with increased flash formation. Many processors have therefore turned to LCP in order to save on labour-intensive deflashing, and facilitate assembly. But they would prefer a higher weld-line strength and better heat stability to withstand the temperatures of up to 240°C involved in the soldering of electronics parts for surface-mounted technology (SMT). In addition, most injection moulders prefer to work with water- heated moulds, since they are simpler in design and the...

Kunststoffe international, 2005-11-21, Fibre Composites: Bonding Automotive Bodies
...mponents are bonded with a two-component toughened epoxy adhesive (grade: Araldite2015, manufacturer: Vantico Ltd, Duxford/UK). The combination of high strength and high toughness of the adhesive used permits the realisation of bonds that withstand the high dynamic loads, even at the sports car’s top speed of 320km/h. The adhesive bond is cured at 90°C in a heated jig to ensure short production cycles, and, after one hour, the spoiler can be transferred to the downstream production stages – poli...

Kunststoffe international, 2005-11-21, Fibre Reinforced Plastics: Tailor-made Reinforcing Textiles
...nhibition. The maximum tensile stress per unit linear density of the aramid sewing thread was 37.8cN/tex and that of the quartz glass filament sewing thread 52.3cN/tex. The tensile strength of the sewing thread has a key influence on ability to withstand interlaminar peel stress. The tensile strength of the sewing thread must be above the peel strength of the non-sewn FRP specimen in order to inhibit cracking. Further studies will be required in future in respect of the sewing material, number o...

Kunststoffe international, 2005-11-21, Flame-retarded Polyamides: Compliance with Stringent Household Appliances Standard
... Ralf Jantz, project leader in charge of the market launch of new flame-resistant products in the Semi-Crystalline Products business unit. Durethan DP 2802/30 contains 30% glass fibres while Durethan DP2801 is not reinforced. Both materials can withstand a GWIT of 775°C in a specimen just 0.75mm thick. The glow-wire test for determining the glow-wire flammability index (GWFI) is satisfied at a maximum temperature of 960°C. The flame-retardancy package of both materials contains neither halogen n...

Kunststoffe international, 2005-11-21, Flex-ring Dies: Improved Wall-thickness Distribution of the Preform during Blow Moulding
... moulding and that permit a more sensitive control of the wall-thickness distribution of the preform. Beyond this basic requirement - a wide freedom in the design of the flow-channel geometry should be retained - the die should of course be able to withstand the pressure normally occurring in the process, - the integration of the new technology into the die should not require a new parting line, - if possible, the system should not create new areas where leakage can occur, - no dead zones should...

Kunststoffe international, 2005-11-21, Formwork Elements: Building System with High Future Potential
...uction. Thus a dense formwork casing is necessary for the concrete. It must be possible to join components of the same system from different production locations without dimensional discrepancies. The construction units must be able to withstand harsh treatment on the building site. In addition a maximum degree of fusion of the EPS panels must be achieved so that the connections can withstand the concrete pressure when pouring. Quality inspections must follow production in order to guarantee pro...

Kunststoffe international, 2005-11-21, Framework Principle: New Production Process for Fibre-reinforced Composite Components
...ural behaviour could be simulated at an early stage of development. During the conceptual design phase, specifications were derived from the tested properties and functionalities of the original seat back. The E-LFT seat back was then designed to withstand the following loads: - front impact - rear impact - cargo impact - head restraint anchorage and - seat belt anchorage. To exploit the advantages of the process and the material components, the reinforcing directions were detected in an initia...

Kunststoffe international, 2005-11-21, Fuel Cell for Alternative Propulsion
...e.g. Vectra) from Ticona satisfy the relevant specifications on corrosion resistance and purity. They have a very low creep tendency and high strength. They also have long-term resistance to gas and liquid fuels. In addition, PPS and LCP are able to withstand temperatures of over 200°C. For the system integration and in the whole field of power management, the ideal solution is to use materials such as PBT (e.g. Celanex) and long strand-reinforced thermoplastics (e.g. Celstran). The Future ...

Kunststoffe international, 2005-11-21, Fully Automated MID Technology: Complete Solution for Overmoulding Flexible Circuit Foils
...ped circuits or circuit boards produced from injection mouldings with a post-bonded flexible foil, on the other hand, are not easy to seal. Other advantages include: the high heat resistance of the flexible foil (which can withstand short-term peaks of 310°C and permits continuous service temperatures of up to 150°C) and the possibility of using different contact surfaces such as gold, tin or copper. In addition, all the usual soldering methods can be used. The arrangement of the contacts on bot...

Kunststoffe international, 2005-11-21, Functionality is the Key Factor
...5). On this capillary carousel there are 32 tiny capillary tubes in which the DNA strands are reproduced. The material can be sterilized in hot steam any number of times and is dimensionally resistant at temperatures of over 180°C. It can also withstand the rapid changes in temperature of the ultrafast cycling times without any problem. Other major advantages are its intensive black colouring, which enhances the quality of the fluorescence measurements involved in the processes, its physiolo...

Kunststoffe international, 2005-11-21, Glazing: Coating Ensures Clear View
...ss and metal-free has not previously been available on the market. Now the KRD Group has developed Uvirex polycarbonate-based multi-layer glazing that offers this combination for the first time. These products are heat-stable and chemical-resistant, withstand weathering and other environmental effects and retain good impact strength and flexibility. Until now, it was not technically feasible to produce a system that met all these requirements. High UV protection could previously only be obtained...

Kunststoffe international, 2005-11-21, Heat Management
...ng effect as 80 mm EPS, 90 mm mineral wool, 100 mm cork, 280 mm wood or 760 mm concrete [1]. Thermal Insulation The bulk density of most PU rigid foams currently used for insulation is about 30 kg/m3. They are therefore very lightweight, but still withstand mechanical loads and have a high stiffness, making them ideal materials for the construction of sturdy, compression-resistant structures. The insulating effect is usually the result of the blowing agent, now usually pentane, contained in th...

Kunststoffe international, 2005-11-21, High Growth Rates: Polycarbonate (PC)
...and Bayer MaterialScience, now offers licensees technological solutions for PC glazing systems with excellent scratch and abrasion resistance and also improved weathering stability. The glazing elements in question are predicted to withstand ten years' outdoor exposure to the weather – as required by the automotive industry. Exatec has also developed a technology package for the production of rear windows in PC with an integrated heating concept. Thanks to a highly scratch-resistant plasma c...

Kunststoffe international, 2005-11-21, High-grade Bath Concepts: Pampering the Senses
...stem by openly spraying it on (Figs.2 and 3). First of all, a solid polyurethane layer is applied, then a foam layer and finally another solid layer, creating the polyurethane sandwich. All bathtubs and shower trays in Germany have to be able to withstand, among other things, a standardised impact test without damage. In the so-called falling ball test, a 200g steel ball is dropped onto the material from a height of 1m. Thanks to its impact-absorbing sandwich structure, this hurdle is no problem...

Kunststoffe international, 2005-11-21, High-Grade Design
...uality and pleasant haptics. Use is made here of thermoplastic mouldings, thermoset-based artificial stone and glass-fiber reinforced reaction resins. Washing, bathing, showering, flushing - all these activities require robust materials which will withstand long-term exposure to hot and cold water, bumps and jolts, and cleaning agents, while offering an optically appealing surface. While ceramics and enameled steel were the ideal materials here for many decades, these are now being replaced by...

Kunststoffe international, 2005-11-21, High-Grade Insulation
...ntifriction properties. All the different degrees of hardness are used for cable connectors, depending on the flexibility required. While the abrasion values of TPU as per DIN 53516 are scarcely dependent on the hardness (Table 1), harder versions withstand the typical abrasion test for insulation for an extremely long period of time. Vehicle manufacturers frequently specify at least 150 or 200 double strokes up to the point when the insulation wears through. The electric properties of TPU are g...

Kunststoffe international, 2005-11-21, High-Modulus Polyamides
...pplications, most fibre-glass reinforced PA-6 polymers contain up to 33 wt. % glass fibre. The maximum content is around 50 %, but even this may not be enough in certain circumstances to ensure that parts have the necessary strength and stiffness to withstand high mechanical loads. High fibre-glass reinforced polyamides are more suited to the task, but they require more work as they are more difficult to compound and process. High-modulus (HM) PA 6 materials containing high levels of short fibre...

Kunststoffe international, 2005-11-21, High-Performance Polyamides
...nce. The outstanding feature that sets it apart from most other polyamides is the fact that its mechanical properties undergo hardly any change when it absorbs water. The primary application areas for this high-tech construction material, which can withstand short-term exposure to 300°C, are to be found in vehicle engine compartments and in the electronics industry. PPA is virtually peerless in applications requiring dependable functionality at high temperatures in hostile media. One such ex...

Kunststoffe international, 2005-11-21, High-Precision
...e housing. Use is made of a PBT modified with PTFE here. Different polyamides can also be used by way of an alternative. A further development step is the substitution of the needle bearing on the drive side by a slide bearing in plastic which will withstand high speeds (and the high surface speeds that accompany these). The mould and production technology also have to meet highly stringent requirements. It was established in tests, for instance, that non-circularity of approximately 0.05 mm in ...

Kunststoffe international, 2005-11-21, Hybrid Moulding: Getting the Combination Right
...3. Different hardnesses for DMLS material in the various layers of the part Schicht = Layer; Korn = Grain Fig. 4. Micro high-speed milling machine of the kind used at Eisenhuth Formenbau Fig. 5. Complex safety belt unit that can withstand series production of up to 10000 parts without major difficulties Translated from Kunststoffe 11/2003, pp. 60–63

Kunststoffe international, 2005-11-21, Hybrid Profiles in EPDM and TPV
...ystems, such as highly-flexible and environmentally-resistant window seals that are available in different colours to fit in with the architectonic design - hoses with an internal or external layer of a material that has been specially developed to withstand aggressive fluids and which can be used in both the automotive industry and the chemicals or food sector. Apart from the fields listed above, there are also other areas in which extruded multi-component hybrid profiles can be employed. This ...

Kunststoffe international, 2005-11-21, Hybrid Technology: Tailor-made Thermoplastics with Layer Structures and Continuous Fibre Reinforcement
...ring injection moulding, with the result that a solid composite is not formed. Thermal pre-consolidation of braids with a mixture of carbon and thermoplastic fibres, however, yields mechanically stable composite preforms that are rigid enough to withstand injection moulding (Eurocarbon BV, Sittard/Netherlands). Good results have also been obtained with composite inserts made from carbon fibre-UD profiles containing thermoplastic matrix (Gurit Suprem, Fluringen/Switzerland). Special holders help ...

Kunststoffe international, 2005-11-21, Increased Performance: Micromaster Powers up Extruders
...knesses of 20µm or less. Another important criterion is the load-carrying capacity of the drive, especially with start-up processes or overload. The Micromaster 440 can be subjected to double the normal output current for three seconds. It can also withstand a load of 150% for as long as 60 seconds, and, if necessary, the rugged Micromaster can do this every five minutes. These very high power reserves, rapid current limitation and many monitoring functions guarantee reliable, fail-safe operatio...

Kunststoffe international, 2005-11-21, Injection Moulding Metal and Ceramic Powder
...injection moulding, - binder removal, - sintering and - finishing. Raw Material Selection The choice of metal or ceramic powder is mainly determined by the physical and/or chemical properties of the powder. The stresses that the end product has to withstand are crucial. Factors such as hardness, strength, corrosion resistance and sintering properties are key selection criteria. In principle, all sinterable powders available on the market of suitable particle size can be used as the starting ma...

Kunststoffe international, 2005-11-21, Innovation with Polyurethane
...is new housing design. The measuring instrument now satisfies modern design demands, is easy to handle and also ensures economical production. The advantages of using polyurethane as the housing material are its low weight and the fact that it can withstand the high level of heat generated inside the measuring unit during the measurements. The FSK was very happy with the results of the competition. The technical jury confirmed that the items submitted were of very high quality and were marketabl...

Kunststoffe international, 2005-11-21, Innovations Today and Tomorrow: Polypropylene for Flexible Packaging
...type can be peeled off from each other (e.g. bag film) or from a PP layer (e.g. sealing of lidding film on PP containers). The new thing about the Steripeel type is that, for the first time, peelable PP grades exist that are able to withstand steam sterilisation at 130°C. Typical fields of application for such systems are packaging solutions in the food (e.g. for ready-to-serve meals or fruit salad, title picture) and in the medical segment (e.g. as the outer packaging for medical bags). Quant...

Kunststoffe international, 2005-11-21, Innovative Solutions from VDI-K: Outside and Under the Bonnet
...o, which have to contend at some stages with very high temperatures because the exhaust gas is recycled, now also feed the air to the chamber through plastic intake pipes. The materials employed are heat-resistant, modified polyamides. These can withstand temperatures up to approx. 200°C. And, if things get hotter, that need not mean the end of using plastics. In such cases, resourceful engineers will deploy a heat shield in the hot zones. A further development is integrated PPS switching covers...

Kunststoffe international, 2005-11-21, Integrated Solutions
...ed, followed by polyurethane, polyamide, PVC and a large number of other special-purpose plastics. All these polymeric materials have one thing in common: they require different effect chemicals (or additives) depending on needs in order to - better withstand the moulding process, - permanently maintain the mechanical properties of the polymers in their end use in the car, - achieve the appearance required by the designers. Different requirements are demanded off finished parts, which can be ma...

Kunststoffe international, 2005-11-21, Interior Trim Parts made of Plastic: Common Ground between Automotive Technology and Design
..., Wilden developed a procedure for covering the high-grade steel frameworks directly. The special challenge of the project lay in combining optical high-quality and safety-relevant functionality. The embedded film hinge of the accelerator pedal must withstand more than two million manipulations without fatigue during its entire life span. During product development together with a partner for punching technology Wilden first optimised the brushed high-grade steel frameworks for plastic. A set of...

Kunststoffe international, 2005-11-21, Interview: "Economical On-Line Coating"
...or on-line coating? Wittig: High thermostability, lower thermal expansion than is the case now and good impact strength – even after coating. So far, only polyamide-based blends meet these requirements. In the coating lines, they have to withstand maximum temperatures of 190 to 200°C in cathodic dip coating and a surface temperature of 180 to 190°C for the entire coating period, without suffering any changes in quality. However, with these high-temperature plastics, it is necessary to design int...

Kunststoffe international, 2005-11-21, Interview: Quo Vadis Polycarbonate Glazing?
..., toughness and heat resistance of Makrolon make it unique and it is precisely these strengths that are required for glazing. Other materials, such as PMMA, are no match. For example, the heat resistance of Makrolon is high enough to withstand the temperatures involved in stoving the siloxane paints.

Kunststoffe international, 2005-11-21, Interview: “Faith-healing is not Enough”
...wners of the company (Editor’s note: the Weiss family) that the company should be well positioned for the future, and that a strong, stable structure should be put in place that can withstand the market fluctuations that inevitably occur from time to time. Kunststoffe: The additional new business you want to acquire will have to come from ousting competitors. Correct? Schröder: Yes. Kunststoffe: And what makes you so optimistic that this will work? Schröder: I know the market very well and...

Kunststoffe international, 2005-11-21, Joint Technology
...erial data from a database, e.g., Campus, represent approximate values, not guaranteed values. They can thus be used only with caution as the basis for calculations. Like screw joints, snap-fit joints represent a joint that can be disassembled and withstand multiple openings and closings, thus raising the question as to which is the best type of joint. This also applies regarding application-appropriate design. The above-mentioned joint types tend to show an increasing economy with a decreasin...

Kunststoffe international, 2005-11-21, Large-scale Production: Challenges in Ceramic Injection Moulding
...difficult problems was to design the rotary mechanism for demoulding the helical teeth. In the mould concept, it was essential to remember that ceramics have very low “green strength” compared to thermoplastics. The green parts only withstand very low stresses, especially in the rotary movements and on ejection. For the production rates envisaged, all parts of the subsequent production mould that come into contact with the ceramic compound must be made of hard metal. The design of the mould inse...

Kunststoffe international, 2005-11-21, Laser Sintering: Rapid Prototyping on its Way to Series Production
... mechanical components and switch elements. The accuracy had to be particularly high due the predetermined assembly tolerances (Fig. 3). The final product has to fulfil the highest reliability standards: The building machine is engineered to withstand more than 20 years of use on a building site under extreme conditions. Finally, the whole project was highly under enormous time pressure, since the original intention was to demonstrate the new product at a tradeshow six weeks later. The service p...

Kunststoffe international, 2005-11-21, Laser Welding: From Concept to Series
...ria for laser welded parts are for example leakproof tightness in relation to water, air or helium, bursting pressures and optically perfect welding seam processes. Usually the conditions, requirements and external influences that the component must withstand later are already well-known in advance. In particular, these criteria are to be examined constantly for their applicability regarding the suitable choice of materials and the final part and welding seam geometries. Production of product re...

Kunststoffe international, 2005-11-21, Laser Welding: Joining Polypropylene Parts
...gic controller, and the affected part is automatically removed from the process chain. Summary The use of laser welding allows all the demands on the mechanical performance and optical appearance of the parts to be satisfied. The costs easily withstand comparison with conventional joining processes. With the Volkswagen Touareg, the process went into mass production. In future, the process will be available alongside conventional joining processes for similar applications. The Authors Dipl.-In...

Kunststoffe international, 2005-11-21, Market Growth Worldwide: Polymethyl Methacrylate (PMMA)
...-purpose glazing. This is increasingly being used for big aquariums, underwater-life displays (title photo) and experience/discovery zones. The decisive factors for its use include the extreme pressure and impact loads that acrylic glass walls can withstand. Acrylic glass walls are thus being increasingly used as safety glazing in test stands, pressure chambers and other applications. Development and Application In road and rail engineering, acrylic glass is synonymous with "transparent no...

Kunststoffe international, 2005-11-21, Material Data Determination: Crash Simulation
... solids with tensile failure as failure criterion does yield the force increase fairly well, but does not describe the failure correctly. The failure point occurs much too late, and the simulation estimates the force that the part can withstand at a multiple of its true value. The brittle behaviour of the PP is not correctly modelled at these high loading rates. The use of shell elements with shear failure as failure criterion ultimately leads to results that deviate even more strongly. Here, be...

Kunststoffe international, 2005-11-21, Modified Polyphenylene Ether (PPE)
... can result in significant weight and cost reductions. Other applications: (PP+PPE) blends can also be used instead of glass fibre reinforced plastics in a new environmentally-compatible system where the large, thermoformed twin-walled parts need to withstand exposure to outdoor elements. These temperature extremes do not present a true challenge to the material on account of its properties. In future, the material’s added strength and performance will enable the customer concerned to double the...

Kunststoffe international, 2005-11-21, Modified Polyphenylene Ethers (PPE)
...rs. PA/PPE blends emerged in the mid-1980s and now command a significant market share. They are typically used in the automotive industry for parts requiring high impact strength and online or inline painting (their heat resistance is high enough to withstand paint oven conditions). In the last couple of years, electrically conducting PPE/PA blends have come onto the market. These can be electrostatically painted without the need for an electrically conducting primer. Fenders and front-ends as w...

Kunststoffe international, 2005-11-21, Modularity: Multitalented Machine for Economical Injection Moulding
...ere is no relative motion between the machine and the mould temperature controllers during the retraction motion. As Krauss-Maffei demonstrated during the K 2004, complete guarding is available in stainless steel and real glass. These materials withstand all commonly employed cleaning and disinfecting agents. In this version, the guarding can also be sealed. In order to comply with the requirements of demanding cleanrooms – below Class 5 (DIN ISO 14644), previously Class 100 – a vacuum exhaust s...

Kunststoffe international, 2005-11-21, Mould Design: Advances in Injection Mould Design
...ing plates are the common standard. Insulating plates based on high-temperature thermoplastics that provide the benefit of greater chemical resistance are a new product offered by Brandenburger Isoliertechnik GmbH & Co. The material withstands surface temperatures of up to 270°C. For surfaces with temperatures of up to 350°C that are subjected to only minimal impact loads – e.g., hot runner manifolds – a highly insulating, closely stitched glass mat is offered. Innovative Mould Steel The materi...

Kunststoffe international, 2005-11-21, Moulds for Micro-Injection Moulding
... distance between any two holes is ± 10 µm. As shown in Fig. 1, the holes are generated by pins that are firmly anchored in the fixed mould half. On closing, the pins project into the holes of the moving mould half in order that they may withstand the stress of injection without shifting. From a mould-making point of view, the challenge lay in designing the 324 holes in both halves so precisely that each pin slides into the matching hole, which is only 10 µm larger, without any wear....

Kunststoffe international, 2005-11-21, No Crash Helmets Needed in Cars
...s then cut transverse to the extrusion direction into panels of the required thickness (title photo, Fig. 1). The very good mechanical properties and very light weight are the result of the largely closed-cell foam structure. For the foam bubbles to withstand the foaming process without bursting, a partly cross linked polypropylene with high melt strength must be used. If a standard polypropylene were used, only an open-cell foam would be formed, which would only be suitable for sound insulation...

Kunststoffe international, 2005-11-21, No Need for Painting?
...for producing complementary plastic parts, such as fascias and door mirrors. The process is beeing refined and modified for the production of large body panels. Weathering Resistant Tests show that the durable surface of the thermoplastic film can withstand the stresses of motorway driving. In investigations on the weathering resistance with values over 25 000 kJ/m2 - that corresponds to about ten years stressing in the climate of Florida - it retained 95 % of its gloss. After lining with a PC...

Kunststoffe international, 2005-11-21, Noise-Free
...isite fatigue strength. The efficiency was at most 5 % below that of the solution in metal. It is basically still possible for fine tuning to be performed here, in conjunction with correction loops. One basic fact established here was that PEEK will withstand considerably higher tolerances than metal in some cases. This has already been seen on other toothed-wheel applications in PEEK. The reason for this is the stiffness-to-toughness ratio. Despite its high toughness, the material has an elonga...

Kunststoffe international, 2005-11-21, Nozzles for Tightly Spaced Cavities: High Cavitation in Minimal Space
...igh” toward the center of the nozzle. In view of this mechanism, the material must combine several contradictory properties: The component must be wear-resistant above all at the tip of the nozzle body and where the needle is guided, and also withstand high loads in the pressurized region. The nozzle body must be a good thermal conductor and at the same time be a good insulator at certain locations. As tests at männer have demonstrated, an amazingly smooth temperature profile has been achieved t...

Kunststoffe international, 2005-11-21, Only the Application Determines the Prototype
...ample, tubes and lids, may be connected to them. If they consist of several parts, allowance should also be made for the weld seam design. Such functional prototypes may be generated by the additive SL and LS methods since the materials employed can withstand the moisture and weight of the liquid. If several are required, RIM is a suitable method as it allows several prototypes to be made and joined together to form one container-like product. The usually simple external geometry does not even r...

Kunststoffe international, 2005-11-21, Pedestrian Safety
...asier to understand, - what takes place in the interior of the design, before the airbag opens, - what stresses occur in the skin, - how the support structure behaves, and - what loads the metal components have to withstand. Simulation, with the identification of weaknesses and observation of the effect of varying geometrical and material parameters on the virtual model, allows new alternative designs to be developed in a methodical way. In traditional development methods, experience from tests...

Kunststoffe international, 2005-11-21, Peel Testing of Multi-component Mouldings
...d successfully but the lip could then be separated with only slight tensile force, this bond was awarded the adhesion factor 1 (poor bond). The bond was deemed usable (adhesion factor 2) if the composite was successfully demoulded and the lip could withstand slight bending forces. A good bond (adhesion factor 3) was judged to be one in which the lip could be bent through 90°C without destroying the bond. Bonds that permitted the lip to be bent through 180°C without failure and allowed la...

Kunststoffe international, 2005-11-21, Perfect optical symbiosis
... can be omitted, they would have to still get through the baking procedure for the basis paint and cover layer (in-line and on-line paint finish). However, for many plastics the temperatures mentioned are above the softening point. Plastics that can withstand these temperatures exist. However, they often either do not have the required mechanical characteristics or are difficult to paint (glass fibre reinforcement) and usually they are too expensive. Aside from the filler layer the paint structu...

Kunststoffe international, 2005-11-21, Plastic Goes Online
...amlessly materials such as engineering thermoplastics, PU RRIM and SMC can be integrated into the conventional production process. The most recent examples are vertical body panels, particularly car wings, made from RRIM polyurea polymer, which can withstand cataphoretic coating temperatures (also known as ELPO, or KTL) when fitted on the body shell. The continual process of optimisation taking place in the automotive industry is focused primarily on reducing weight while also paying close att...

Kunststoffe international, 2005-11-21, Plastic, the All-purpose Material: Function in Form
...y new MiG by Soviets (fun:4u sports & internet GmbH, Troisdorf/Germany; Fig.8), combines the best that skateboards, scooters, inline-skates and kickboards have to offer. To enable it to withstand the extreme stresses of daredevil halfpipe acrobatics, breakneck skids over wall projections and risky rolls down flights of steps, the designers chose DuPont ZytelST801 high-impact polyamide for all the plastics parts of the frame. This material endows the frame with the necessary combination of toughn...

Kunststoffe international, 2005-11-21, Plastics Packaging in the 21sup>st/sup> Century
...ved barrier properties) and offering the possibility of considerably thinner material composites, on the other. Examples include: optimisation of the coating process to give greater transparency and increased adhesion (particularly for composites to withstand high-temperature sterilisation) at Lawson Mardon new generations of laminating adhesives (producers include Henkel, and Rohm & Haas) and also substitution of the laminating process through the application of sealable coatings (such as by Qu...

Kunststoffe international, 2005-11-21, PMMA Successful in More and More Fields of Application: Polymethyl Methacrylate (PMMA)
...ify the car manufacturer, taillights must fulfil their safety function first of all: exactly defined standards for brightness, distribution and colour of the emitted light. In addition, light covers are expected to last as long as the vehicle and withstand UV light, moisture and fuel – an ideal field of application for PMMA. Well-known car manufacturers are increasingly employing light-emitting diodes (LEDs) as a new light source. A life-saving benefit is that LEDs respond 70ms faster than conve...

Kunststoffe international, 2005-11-21, Polyacetal with Greater Acid Resistance: Washed with all Waters
...nces are considerably more reliable (Fig. 2). Certified Long-term Loading The manufacturers of drinking water and sanitary applications place stringent demands on the service life of the materials employed. These are, after all, required to withstand the high loads for a period of up to fifty years. This calls for a detailed examination of the long-term properties of plastics under permanent load. The standard methods employed to measure uniaxial stressing, however, do not generally supply reli...

Kunststoffe international, 2005-11-21, Polyamide: Efficient Pipelining
... the one hand, the constant wall thickness is intended to create a uniform flow front, which will reduce the load on the cores. At the same time, this assures a uniform and void-free structure, which is a prerequisite for the part’s ability to withstand pressure. With the aid of 3-D simulation, BASF was able to specify the locations for the 2 valve gates of the hot runner system and optimise the flow front (Fig.3). From Development to Mass Production After successful sampling, the heating bloc...

Kunststoffe international, 2005-11-21, Polyaryletherketones (PAEK)
...ctrex PEEK-HT for the housing of a new 8-pin plug and socket connection, SealConnect, for use in oil drilling. This product line was designed specially for critical processes during the exploration and drilling of oil, where the plug must withstand continuous pressures of 138MPa at 204°C, and even 172MPa at 260°C for brief periods. The new material in Victrex’s product portfolio was extensively tested and has already proven its worth in deep drilling and deep ocean applications. PEEK-HT was chos...

Kunststoffe international, 2005-11-21, Polyarylsulphones (PSU, PPSU, PES)
...ulding behaviour of the PES/PSU grades Ultrason E/S Fig.3. Example applications of polyarylsulphones in the electrical engineering/electronics and automobile sectors Fig.4. Printed baby bottles made of polyarylsulphones can withstand both boiling water and microwave sterilisation

Kunststoffe international, 2005-11-21, Polybutylene Terephthalate (PBT)
Polybutylene Terephthalate (PBT) Alfred Stern, Geneva/Switzerland The main applications in which the thermoplastic polyester polybutylene terephthalate (PBT) is used are tightly-toleranced technical parts that are required to withstand high mechanical, electrical and thermal loading. Growth is running at an above-average level of 7 to 9% per year worldwide. The driving forces behind this growth include new halogen-free, flame- retardant grades for the electrical/electronics industry, grades ...

Kunststoffe international, 2005-11-21, Polycarbonate (PC)
...esistant. For this purpose, the industry has developed special scratch-resistant coating systems based on polysiloxane, polyacrylate and polyurethane. The combination of polycarbonate with the scratchproof finish had to successfully withstand comprehensive testing before being chosen for this application (e.g. 3 years of outdoor weathering in Florida and Arizona as per SAE J576) and had to comply with certain standards (ECE, FMVSS) and demands on optical quality. Bayer and Daimler Chrysler teame...

Kunststoffe international, 2005-11-21, Polyoxymethylene (POM)
...de is the third brake light of the Audi A4 (Fig.6). Because of its exposed position behind the rear window, the component must not only be virtually odourless, it must also have excellent UV stability. In addition, it must be able to withstand extreme temperature differences, involving a combination of heat stability and frost resistance. VW vehicles have a shift housing cover of Hostaform XAP (front picture). It consists of two POM parts joined together by snap-on connections. The Hostaform XAP...

Kunststoffe international, 2005-11-21, Polyurethane Elastomers in Practice
...s of between 25 A and 70 D, with Young's moduli of up to 700 MPa. Roller coverings of the type used on electric fork-lift trucks are a typical example of the uses to which present-day cast PUR elastomers are put. These rollers have to be able to withstand harsh day-to-day duties. Rough floors and steering manoeuvres performed when the truck is standing still call for a highly wear-resistant material, and any notches in the elastomer, which are caused by small pieces of metal on the ground fo...

Kunststoffe international, 2005-11-21, Positive Market Development: Thermosets
...sanitary applications as well. Because of their properties, EP moulding compounds are employed primarily for electronic components where flame retardance, resistance to various liquids, insulating characteristics, thermal stability (ability to withstand soldering) and a very low melt viscosity play a role. In the field of amino resins, it has been possible to achieve optimised properties (e.g., surface gloss, impact strength and improved thermal stability) that are required in the traditional ma...

Kunststoffe international, 2005-11-21, Possibilities with Plastics: Sports Applications
...waves instead of over a bumpy course – with their surfboards. Their covering frequently consists of fibre-polyurethane composite materials (Baypreg). They are very light, hardly swell in water and with their high impact strength also withstand hard blows. And for long rides comfortable saddles with cushioning made of Technogel pay for themselves. Behind this polyurethane material there is a gel composed of special polyetherpolyols and polyisocyanate. It adapts to the seat form very exactly and ...

Kunststoffe international, 2005-11-21, Pressure Vessels: A Question of Curvature
...ion buckling pressure. For rigid clamping of the bowl edge, which is a result of the material connection of the dome and the FRP pipe, a reduction coefficient of 0.2 can be determined. The minimum necessary wall thickness of the dome needed to withstand buckling depends on the maximal working internal pressure as well as the radius of curvature, modulus of elasticity and Poisson’s ratio of the dome. If volume requirements are to be considered with a given vessel length, a radius of curvature of ...

Kunststoffe international, 2005-11-21, Process Technology: Polyurethane Processing Systems
...red clamping force in such cases, prototype moulds generally incorporate metal reinforcements. To achieve good surface quality, aluminium cavity surfaces can be used in a cast resin mould that also contains metal reinforcements in order to withstand the higher load. For long production runs in excess of 50000 parts, steel moulds become unavoidable. For moderate production runs of 50 to 50000 parts, or for flexible foam applications, cast aluminium, wrought aluminium or zinc alloys as well as rei...

Kunststoffe international, 2005-11-21, Progress in Development: From the Prototype to the Individualised Product
...an with the first universal epoxy resin for stereolithography – Somos 7120 – about eight years ago. This resin, created by DuPont, made it possible for the first time to generate components resistant to temperature and humidity that were able to withstand high thermal and mechanical stresses. The catch tank for the Audi R8 LeMans made by the Alphaform AG, Feldkirchen/Germany, (Fig. 1) may be regarded as one of the first examples demonstrating these functional applications. With this tank, one co...

Kunststoffe international, 2005-11-21, Putting a Stop to Cracks
...ong other things. The toughness of polycarbonate can be considerably enhanced by means of a specially-generated microvoid morphology. The impact strength of a material can be raised either by increasing its strength, and/or by ensuring that it can withstand a higher level of deformation prior to fracture. In the case of plastics, the route generally adopted is that of particle or fibre reinforcement. In order to permit a higher deformation at fracture, craze or shear deformation processes (whi...

Kunststoffe international, 2005-11-21, Quality of SMC Surfaces: Paintability Enhanced
...a result of inappropriate handling throughout manufacturing, from demoulding, from deflashing the part, through loading and unloading the paint frames, through final inspection, and finally from packing and shipping. The panel then must also withstand the assembly and topcoat process. SMC is fibreglass-reinforced plastic generally consisting of unsaturated polyester resin, low profile additives (LPA) used for controlling shrinkage and obtaining a high surface quality, catalysts, inhibitors, fill...

Kunststoffe international, 2005-11-21, Radiation-induced Crosslinking: Crosslinked PA6 for Circuit Carriers
...equirements with regard to thermal stability. Previously, only high-performance thermoplastics have been able to satisfy such requirements. A lengthening of the short-term exposure to thermal loads that lower-cost engineering resins such as PA6 can withstand and improved resistance to various media can be achieved through radiation-induced crosslinking by means of an electron beam. As a result, the resin molecules form a three-dimensional network with a definite improvement in properties, e.g., ...

Kunststoffe international, 2005-11-21, Reinforced Plastics: Caught Up Again
...further development of the familiar GMT. This is classical glass fibre mat, combined with other endless fibre products, which makes the decisive contribution to the crash behaviour of a spare wheel well, for example. These parts must be able to withstand a rear impact of 65km/h, deforming the well to half its starting length, without splintering or losing the spare wheel. Dieffenbacher displayed Tailored LFT in conjunction with the Fraunhofer ICT. Process technology was developed for the pressin...

Kunststoffe international, 2005-11-21, Replacing Metals
Replacing Metals Automotive Gear Wheels of PEEK Ralf Weidig, Hofheim/Taunus, Germany With the trend towards high operating temperatures and miniaturisation in the engine compartment, gear wheels must be made of a material that can withstand such extreme conditions. Thanks to its well-balanced range of properties, the high temperature thermoplastic PEEK has proved valuable in many applications. Plastic gear wheels have long been among the more innovative automotive solutions. Materials su...

Kunststoffe international, 2005-11-21, Requirements for Manufacturing Products for Medical Technology: Guidelines for Building up a Practical Cleanroom Manufacturing System
... retains part of human particle emissions Fig. 11. Technical cleanroom production Table 1. Plastic products are used in medical technology in a wide variety of regions Table 2. Many microbes stubbornly withstand even extreme conditions; times in minutes acc. to: Brandis et al., “Medizinische Mikrobiologie“ Translated from Kunststoffe 11/2003, pp. 19–2

Kunststoffe international, 2005-11-21, Roofs of Light
...in material selection, particularly in the construction of public buildings. Transparent roofing is subject to extremely high static and dynamic requirements under extreme weather conditions. Roof surfaces, depending on their location, may have to withstand conditions such as acid rain, hail and heavy snow loads for prolonged periods. Wind also generates a suction effect and pulls at the roofing. The basic demands on material selection and sheet geometry are determined by the loading cases and...

Kunststoffe international, 2005-11-21, Safe Braking
...ty in this application with extensive pressure, wear and swelling tests. The decisive criterion for reliable operation of the accumulator pistons over the entire service life of the vehicle is first of all their pressure resistance. The pistons must withstand a high number of pressure cycles, which add up to an overall stroke of some 350m. Burst strength is tested at 350bar and room temperature, as on all parts of the brake system. Added to this come tests under typical operating pressures and a...

Kunststoffe international, 2005-11-21, Separating, Sealing, Sliding
...y equal material for the production of thrust washers. The Author of this Article Dipl.-Ing. Ralf Weidig, born in 1962, is technical manager of Victrex Europa GmbH, Hofheim. Fig. 1. Automatic transmissions in cars with PEEK thrust washers have to withstand to torques of over 500 Nm Fig. 2. Wear rate of different polymers as a function of compression and speed Verschleißrate = Wear rate Fig. 3. New applications for PEEK thrust washers are currently to be found in the field of continuously va...

Kunststoffe international, 2005-11-21, Simulation: Even Faster Development of Cylinder Head Covers
...ed, mainly glass-fibre-reinforced polyamide grades, must therefore be resistant to all engine oils and all chemical media used under the hood (e.g. cleaning agents). Components that come into direct contact with the engine/engine oil must be able to withstand a continuous service temperature of 130°C and short-term peaks up to 150°C. Component design must take into account the typical creep behaviour of the material in these temperature ranges. For space-saving reasons, additional functions are...

Kunststoffe international, 2005-11-21, Solder-resistant PBT
...SMD and 3D-MID Technology Uwe Kannengießer and Siegbert Stober, Marl/Germany The big advantage of crosslinkable polybutadiene terephthalate moulding compounds when it comes to new production techniques in electrical engineering is that they can withstand high temperatures over the short term. They are an inexpensive alternative to highly heat-resistant thermoplastics and can also be processed on the same tools as standard moulding compounds. The trend towards smaller and smaller electrical...

Kunststoffe international, 2005-11-21, Solid Surface Materials
... eye. This permits generous surfaces to be created wherever required. Whether on shop counters, bars, pillars or wall cladding, it is possible to achieve solid surfaces that look as if they have been moulded in a single piece. Tested for Ability to Withstand Stress and Everyday Use Yet, solid surface materials are not a sophisticated or extravagant designer product but something that is ideally suited to everyday use, with an impressive list of tangible performance features. This solid materia...

Kunststoffe international, 2005-11-21, Special Grades Required: PET Compounds
...g, angular movement of the wiper driving axle by means of a worm gear. On these so-called swivel bearing motors, high mechanical stressing occurs at the inversion point. The rigid housing in Ticona's glass-fibre reinforced Impet is able to withstand precisely this stressing, while also keeping the noise level low. This plastic also saves several assembly steps, because, with injection moulding, the pivot for the necessary bearing can be placed directly in the mould and have plastic injected ...

Kunststoffe international, 2005-11-21, Sports Equipment: Plastics at all Events
...n its racing cars in 1984. Since then, Formula 1 has become a role model for safety – despite the enormous speeds of over 330km/h. Although a modern monocoque weighs less than 35–40kg, it must, for example, withstand a weight of 780kg at a speed of 7m/s in a side crash test. In addition, it must be able to cope with the enormous centrifugal forces that occur in high-speed curves and remain unaffected by knocks and vibrations. The life-saving FW 26 chassis from BMW Williams (Fig. 12) is made of ...

Kunststoffe international, 2005-11-21, Strong Growth in Polyamides: Polyamide (PA)
...ogether with their light weight is particularly important in view of the high dynamic stress to which they are exposed from engine vibrations. Thanks to the high heat resistance of PA6 (HDT/A in the region of 190°C), the engine cover components withstand continuous service temperatures of 140°C and short-term temperature peaks up to 170°C. Metal Replacement in Automotive Engineering Polyamides are setting trends in automotive engineering. PA components are being integrated as high-performance ...

Kunststoffe international, 2005-11-21, Strong Joint between Plastic and Metal
...n additional operation. Closer consideration, however, shows that PMA offers some significant advantages over IMA. Advantages of Post-moulding Assembly Designers have far greater freedom to design the plastic and metal parts in an optimum way to withstand the applied loads. This is not possible with IMA. - The greater freedom of design also permits better functional integration. - In PMA, the structure of the sheet metal component can be produced with wider sheet thickness tolerances because ...

Kunststoffe international, 2005-11-21, Strong Upturn: Polycarbonate (PC)
...n to sterilisation with steam or ethylene oxide. A further trend arising from the cost squeeze in the health system is the use of inhalers for self-medication, e.g. in the case of respiratory illness. In order that these devices may withstand continuous use for as long as possible, highly rigid and impact-modified PVC variants are being used for the mechanical functional elements. A new application for the co-PC Apec 1745 is so-called Luer lock adapters, which are threaded devices for coupling ...

Kunststoffe international, 2005-11-21, Styrene Copolymers (ABS, ASA, SAN)
... is that it complies with Audi’s drastically reduced emission level, and is thus already in line with the stiffer emission thresholds generally being observed in the automotive industry. High-strength (PC+ABS) blends that can withstand high dynamic loads at low temperatures are gradually becoming the material of choice for safety components exposed to chest, head or leg impact. Fracture resistance and freedom from splintering also make these (PC+ABS) variants the logical solution for components ...

Kunststoffe international, 2005-11-21, Styrene Copolymers: Both Tough and Transparent
...nt packaging. At the same time, the production costs for such packaging need to come down, since there is increasing cost pressure in the food trade. Modern packaging materials must therefore have all the necessary physico-chemical properties to withstand transport and storage, while also being transparent and inexpensive to produce. All these requirements can be met by SBS polymers. For packaging fresh food such as chopped salads or prepared mixed leaf salads, the high gas and water vapour perm...

Kunststoffe international, 2005-11-21, Sulfone Polymers: Sound Properties
...stance, the mechanical properties – above all, the good impact strength – must be retained for more than a thousand sterilisation cycles. In contrast to other plastics such as polycarbonate (PC) or polyphthalate carbonate (PPC), PPSU even withstands contact with hot water over longer periods of time. Experiments have confirmed that even after being immersed in 90°C water for a year, the mechanical properties of PPSU remain unimpaired. Radel R polyphenylsulfone has also successfully passed all o...

Kunststoffe international, 2005-11-21, Sulphone Polymers: Clear Vision
...capabilities that so far have not been possible to achieve with transparent materials. This opens up applications for this polysulphone grade in medical technology, household appliances, and the food and beverage industry. Udel polysulphone parts withstand a temperature of 174°C, and are suitable for repeated steam sterilisation at 134°C (approx. 100 cycles). A new development for polyphenylsulphone is Radel R-5800 TR grade. Designers now have a high-temperature material available that allows mo...

Kunststoffe international, 2005-11-21, Surface Technology: In-Line Plasma Processes
Surface Finishing In-Line Plasma Processes Surface Technology. The Openair plasma process has, for some years now, been creating a variety of new applications, especially for the cleaning, activation and coating of moulded parts and film. Now, a modular system has been developed for the in-line pretreatment of PP film that works with flexible widths and allows a high level of activation. Christian Buske Alexander Knospe Plasma – the "fourth state of matter" – describes a materia...

Kunststoffe international, 2005-11-21, Synergy Creates New Technology
... with the mould, which means it must be moulded positively. The uppermost layer of the coating film (clear PMMA) serves among other things to protect against scratching and is correspondingly hard, but also brittle. Consequently, the film can only withstand very low mechanical forces. So that the film is not destroyed through the forces that arise during the back-moulding process, care must be taken to ensure a very accurate fit between the preformed film and the injection moulding tool. With th...

Kunststoffe international, 2005-11-21, Tailor-made Compression Moulding Process: Automatic Compression Moulding Machines for Powder Materials
...t nor cold substantially alters the coefficient of friction. Valve Membranes Made of PTFE Presses from this series are also used to make membranes and valves for cleanrooms and biotechnological processes. The aseptic membranes have to withstand protracted use in autoclaves and to satisfy all hygiene requirements. The presses are also used for making membranes for hydraulic applications in vehicle steering systems. In this case, the material for processing is a free-flowing polytetrafluoroethyl...

Kunststoffe international, 2005-11-21, Technological Challenge for Mould Makers: Thin-layer Packs for DVDs and Console Games
...Manufacturer Otto Männer Vertriebs GmbH Unter Gereuth 9–11 D-79353 Bahlingen Germany Phone +49 (0) 76 63/6 09-0 Fax +49 (0) 76 63/6 09-299 www.m-mold.com Fig. 1. Good looks are important. A DVD-Safe is more than just a pack: it can withstand mechanical loads, is highly functional and offers good marketing potential Fig. 2. Mould construction with maximum expertise: Concealed beneath the surface is a multi-daylight hot runner system with 24 control zones and conformal cooling water lines Fig. 3....

Kunststoffe international, 2005-11-21, Thermoplastic Elastomers (TPE)
...rnative to silicone for keyboard mats (Fig.7). The manufacturer of these Thermolast K products highlights their advantageous flow behaviour and their good resilience, including under continuous load. According to Kraiburg, the keyboard mats will withstand 20 million operating cycles without any problems, and are suitable for a temperature range of -40°C to +80°C. The material can be readily printed with hot-transfer decorative film and coloured with masterbatches. The robust housing of the porta...

Kunststoffe international, 2005-11-21, Thermosets
...ch as tailgates, front panels, doors and fenders represents a breakthrough in the use of unsaturated polyester resins for fibre-reinforced composites. As a result of their high resistance to heat, these conductive SMC parts can withstand the temperature stress of 190°C encountered in online painting, so achieving the benefits of excellent colour matching with other car body parts and cost savings in the painting process. In comparison with metals, these SMC materials also offer the advantages of...

Kunststoffe international, 2005-11-21, Three Weeks Until the Start
...g of a left and right shell section, had to be manufactured. What is more, the covers had to fulfil different requirements. Apart from good fit and surface quality, they also had to act as advertising panels and sport the livery of the main sponsor, withstand vibration for the 1400 km road journey in the Australian heat and be ready for assembly by the start of October. The strategy for producing the 52 parts evolved out of the specifications. Four stereolithographic prototypes had to be made fi...

Kunststoffe international, 2005-11-21, Trends in Laminating Adhesives
...ow adhesion properties that are evident with film laminates do not play any role in the case of paper because of its relatively high tear resistance. For lidding films, on the other hand, temperature resistance is an important factor in order to withstand the high temperatures during heat sealing without suffering any damage. To overcome the limitations of solvent-free moisture-curing one-component systems, two-component systems were developed. These were, and are, generally polyester-based and ...

Kunststoffe international, 2005-11-21, Turbocharged Engines: Plastic Solution for Supercharged Air Pipes
...ng connection can be formed directly from the rigid plastic tube. Soft and hard pipe sections will thus be made of the same material. The manufacturers expect similar possibilities also for the hot side where PA is not suitable because it cannot withstand the expected extreme temperature loads. PPS and Suction Moulding: State of the Art However, a solution is already in view. At this point a PPS denoted Fortron from Ticona enters the picture. The glass-fibre reinforced high performance plastic ...

Kunststoffe international, 2005-11-21, Two-component Micro Powder Injection Moulding: Three Special Processes in One
...aluminium oxide (Al2O3) as matrix, with electrically conductive titanium nitride (TiN) as filler. With two-component micro powder injection moulding, a manufacturing process was developed for multifunctional parts that are chemically resistant and withstand extreme thermal stresses. As a demonstration object, a heating needle was developed (Fig.1). The heating element is designed to have greater electrical resistance and the electrical supply low electrical resistance [4]. Moulding was carried o...

Kunststoffe international, 2005-11-21, Ultrasonic Production Control
...provements in computer technology allow automatic online monitoring with ultrasonic equipment. Measurement System and Sensors Automatic process control relies on ultrasonic sensors. They are based on a piezo ceramics, and are designed to reliably withstand the high thermal and mechanical loads in the mould. The sensors are connected to an ultrasonic unit (USLT 2000, manufacturer: Krautkrämer GmbH & Co. oHG, Hürth/Germany). The system operates by ultrasonic transmission (Fig. 1). Although two s...

Kunststoffe international, 2005-11-21, Under Extreme Conditions
...s for Fuel Systems Boris Weber and Jörg Jander, Frankfurt/Main, Germany Innovative fuel systems put the highest requirements on the materials used. Technical plastics like POM and PPS play a key role in this context. Optimised products that can withstand hot diesel fuel or that are electrically conductive, for instance, are developed in close co-operation with the automobile industry and system suppliers. Producers of technical plastics constantly work on improved products together with th...

Kunststoffe international, 2005-11-21, Wear-resistant Needle Valves: Hot-runner Solutions for Extreme Demands
...ar as the nozzle tips The main injection unit of the machine is responsible for the PPO component. The melt is injected at approx. 300–320°C through the appropriate hot-runner system into the mould, which is heated to 140°C by means of oil. To withstand the abrasive properties of the carbon fibre compound, männer produced the needle guide bushes and nozzle tips from a highly wear resistant material, which offers long lifetimes despite the hard conditions. The strict tolerance of the cylindrical...

Kunststoffe international, 2005-11-21, Weather-resistant TPE
...oor applications are gaining increasing significance. This is creating a need for materials to fulfil the extreme requirements. Employing a new generation of styrene block copolymers (SBC) with an improved stabilization system, it is now possible to withstand outdoor simulation periods of several years. Steadily increasing quality demands on the part of OEM's are also imposing ever-new requirements on plastic parts regarding their long-term behaviour and constant properties. This also appl...

Kunststoffe international, 2005-11-21, Wide Area of Applications: Upward Trend for Thermoplastic Polyurethanes
... Jürgen Hättig, Wolfgang Drube Since their initial industrial production in the sixties, TPU has undergone changes throughout several generations of automotive engineering. In the seventies, the material was mainly used in parts that needed to withstand a high degree of mechanical stress. Typical TPU applications of the first generation consisted of bearing bushings (Fig.1) and dust covers (Fig.2) for suspension ball joints and guide joints. Due to their good damping properties even at low t...

Kunststoffe international, 2005-11-21, Wide Range of Applications: Styrene Copolymers
... solutions for the construction sector, 3% to packaging, 11% to leisure products and 22% to other applications. ABS as Volume Resin When plastics are expected to remain dimensionally stable and retain their shape under high load and in addition must withstand severe temperature fluctuations, the designers often select ABS. In automotive just as in many other applications in the electrical, electronics, toy, leisure, household and office sectors. The standard grades are used in applications where...

Kunststoffe international, 2005-11-21, Worldwide Stable Growth: Polyurethanes (PUR)
...er, pressure and impact (Fig.6). Elastoshore 2570, a PUR innovation from Elastogran, permits the transportation of oil and gas in underwater pipelines even at depths up to 3000m. The trick is incorporated glass spheres that can withstand the high water pressure at this depth. The generic term “technical insulation” covers the thermal insulation of, for example, refrigerators, freezer chests, refrigerated containers and district heating pipes. Insulation by means of vacuum insulation panels that...

Kunststoffe international, 2005-11-21, “It Depends on the Part”
...or or subsequent sheet trimming, in-mould sheet trimming etc.), the sheet must be cut or trimmed precisely in order to prevent quality deficiencies such as flash. It should also not be forgotten that the printing ink applied to the film must withstand thermal and mechanical conditions during moulding [6]. The processor can make use of this problem by deliberately transferring ink from a film to the part surface – for, e.g., marking or decoration purposes. Apart from the main applications of in-m...

Kunststoffe international, 2005-11-21, “Nano Molding”: Permanent Bond between Aluminium and Polymer
...e surface looks like a field covered in small indentations (Fig. 1). XPS reveals nitrogen atoms can be seen on the surface. This nitrogen comes from the T material used during the T process. It seems that the T material withstands water rinsing, drying and later storage (more than three months if sealed) and stays on the surface of the aluminum. It appears that when the aluminum alloy is immersed in the T material, the weak alkalinity of the T material causes the occurrence of hyperfine etching ...

Kunststoffe international, 2005-11-30, Fluoro Polymers: Safe Construction of Chemical Apparatus and Plant
... in the chemical industry. Additionally, the fluoro polymers possess non-stick properties that enable them to serve as non-stick linings for compression moulds in those areas of industry in which thin coatings are inadequate because they cannot withstand mechanical loading. A comprehensive range of semifinished goods, blocks and films can be used for further processing. The available formats vary with the material employed. Semifinished block goods, solid and hollow rods for use as starter produ...

Kunststoffe international, 2005-11-30, PTFE Multicomponent Compounds: A Material for Hard and Soft
...ements of, e.g. hydraulics. Here, the bronze acts as a deformation brake, and reduces wear. PTFE compounds containing 60 % bronze have a high elongation at break and lower deformation under load, are especially resistant to gap extrusion and withstand higher tensile strength. Seals of bronze-containing compounds, however, have a comparatively high coefficient of friction that restricts their use as dynamic seals. For example, enclosed rotating shafts can suffer from undesirable wear. By combini...

Kunststoffe international, 2005-12-07, Slide Compression Moulding: Producing Fibre Composite Profiles with Variable Wall Thickness
... times longer than the mould itself. Laminate makeup and wall thickness can be matched to the load regime of the support structure. Bernhard Wielage Günther Thielemann Requests for rigid and simultaneously lightweight portals and supports that can withstand dynamic loads regularly appear from various sectors of the mechanical engineering industry, but they are needed only in small quantities or one-off situations. The components are usually subjected to bending and torsion loads in several axes...

Kunststoffe international, 2006-02-21, Polyamide and ABS: Two Unlike Brothers Unite
...ponents are optimally combined, the blends have excellent impact resistance, even at low temperatures. As far as the car interior is concerned, this means that parts made of Terblend N can pass the knee-impact crash test or withstand an airbag shot. The impact strength of the (PA+ABS) blend is more or less the same as that of (PC+ABS) and (PC+PBT). The fracture behaviour is ductile, while the rigidity and strength can be varied through the addition of glass fibres. The processing properties are ...

Kunststoffe international, 2006-02-22, Surface Technology: Opportunities for UV Curing
...rates in the course of time owing to the complex interaction of climatic factors such as UV light, oxygen, pollutants and variations in temperature and atmospheric humidity. Paint coats modified with UV absorbers and radical scavengers help plastics withstand these stresses without damage, while avoiding the need to modify the entire mass of a plastic part with expensive light stabilisers. Many thermoplastics have only limited resistance to stress caused by abrasion, scratching and the action of...

Kunststoffe international, 2006-02-23, Silicone Elastomers: An Attractive Alternative
Materials An Attractive Alternative Silicone Elastomers. In the meantime, they have become an absolute necessity in the automotive industry: since, in contrast to organic rubber compounds, silicone elastomers can withstand very high and very low temperatures for extended periods of time, while at the same time resisting ageing and weathering. They will continue to gain in importance with respect to future requirements. Bernd Pachaly Walter Strassberger Even without counting silicone airbag co...

Kunststoffe international, 2006-07-04, Clean-room Compatible 32-Cavity Needle Valve: Making a Point
... material being processed. The shear rates and pressure loss in the system and nozzles must also be calculated and the hot runner designed so as to keep these parameters in the non-critical range (Fig.2). As material, POM was chosen, because it can withstand the stresses acting on the dart tip during use. The mouldings lie flat in the mould parting line and the mould separation takes place longitudinally along the tip and screw thread. The gate is located in the rear, thick-walled shank region. ...

Kunststoffe international, 2006-09-27, Actuator Materials: Liquid Crystalline Elastomers for Microengineering
...mparison with piezoelectric materials permits very large movements. The similar molecular structure of FULCE materials to PDMS [poly(dimethyl siloxane)] allows them to be combined with PDMS materials. Like PDMS, FULCE materials withstand heat and are resistant to most acids and bases, so that they can be used in aggressive environmental conditions. So far only themomechanical actuators have been considered. In future, with only a small change to the microtechnology, it will be possible to adapt ...

Kunststoffe international, 2006-09-27, Heat Resistance: Miniature Electronic Components Produced from PEEK
...o melt (Fig.1). The melting point of PEEK is 343°C. The glass-fibre-reinforced grades frequently used in the electronics industry even have a heat deflection temperature of over 300°C. With these properties, this semi-crystalline polymer can withstand even the harsh conditions of the lead-free soldering process. With a continuous service temperature of 260°C according to UL 746B, PEEK can even be used at these temperatures for an extended period (Fig.2). Case History: Microconnector These excel...

Kunststoffe international, 2006-09-28, High-tech in a Holiday Region: With Clockwork Precision
... of material. Some 10 to 15 machines per day require a material change, and this can involve a very high outlay. What is decisive is that a material feed system must not only operate fully automatically but must also be flexible enough to withstand these changes. Following the last major expansion in production, where the production surface was increased threefold and the number of injection moulding machines doubled, Wild & Küpfer invested in an elaborate and refined material feed system from ...

Kunststoffe international, 2006-10-30, Blow Moulding: Reliable Also at High Temperatures
...w Moulding. Air ducts for ventilation systems, piping to transport liquids in the engine compartment, liquid reservoirs and fuel tanks are essential parts of automobile assemblies. New developments in this field must fit into the space available and withstand high loads. The automobile industry increasingly demands a blow moulding technology that meets today’s production requirements and with which parts capable of withstanding significant loads such as high operating temperatures and high inte...

Kunststoffe international, 2006-10-30, Development Project: A Concept that Fits
... thereby all mo-tion paths and deformations are included", Ottillinger knows. The deforma-tion values permit valuable conclusions on the ergonomics; the tension and torsion values show whether the selected material can enduringly withstand future loads. In each case the back handle made in a mono-sandwich structure, the back carrying bowl and the release key were loaded in lower and upper positions. In the first iteration loops the evalua-tion indicated areas where the permissible stress in ...

Kunststoffe international, 2006-10-30, Laser Sintering: Functional Prototypes Produced from PEEK
...of 3600N/mm2, would potentially close the gap between the laser-sintered filled materials and the top-performing filled polyamides for injection moulding. In addition to its excellent mechanical properties, PEEK has very high heat resistance. It can withstand short-term temperature peaks up to 300°C and has a continuous service temperature of 250°C. The manufacturer, Victrex, quotes a heat deflection temperature of 152°C under a load of 1.82N/mm2. PEEK therefore represents an addition to the ran...

Kunststoffe international, 2007-01-22, Also for High Temperatures
....com Manufacturer Kraiburg TPE GmbH Co. KG Friedrich-Schmidt-Strasse 2 D-84478 Waldkraiburg Germany Phone +49 (0) 86 38/98 10-0 Fax +49 (0) 86 38/98 10-310 www.kraiburg-tpe.com Fig. 0. Newly developed TPES-V compounds withstand loads at high temperatures in electrotechnical and automotive applications Fig. 1. The chemical cross-linking of the PS end blocks shifts the service temperature to considerably higher values Fig. 2. Electron microscope images of TPES-V compounds: the TPES-V phase a...

Kunststoffe international, 2007-01-22, Third Generation Unveiled
...mit all operating states to be separately optimised and all process parameters to be assigned to the individual forming process phases. The start and end points and absolute values for pressure, vacuum etc. can be precisely determined and logged. To withstand the stresses and therefore increase the service lives of the mould table drive spindle with faster closing movements, a new drive technology is used. This permits shorter acceleration phases and therefore shorter acceleration and retardatio...

Kunststoffe international, 2007-02-13, Filling of Flexible Packaging
... the joining parameters of force, stroke and time used in the sealing section of the filling machine have to lie within an acceptable range. The connection has to remain tight and leak-free during and after sterilisation. The connection has to withstand worldwide product logistics reliably and must not break off unintentionally at the end user over the entire shelf life under various climatic conditions. The sealing function of the slit valve must satisfy especially stringent requirements in the...

Kunststoffe international, 2007-02-13, Laser Sintering as a Patent Medicine
...such cases, laser sintering can have the effect of manufacturing more useful medical products and improve the efficacy of the treatment – and is generally faster than conventional processes. This is to the benefit of the person who must withstand hard incisions in other areas of healthcare, namely the patient. References 1 Shellabear, M.; Junior, V.: Series Production in Miniature. Plast Europe 93 (2003) 10, pp. 43–45 The Author Martina Methner, born in 1975, is responsible for press and pub...

Kunststoffe international, 2007-02-13, Robust for Everyday Hospital Use
Robust for Everyday Hospital Use Adsorber System A medical-grade polycarbonate constitutes a suitable material for the housing of an adsorber system. The material is fracture-resistant and withstands superheated steam sterilisation under pressure without any problems. Therapeutic aphaeresis (blood cleaning process) can be employed to gently remove substances which cause illness from the blood, outside the body. Medical technology experts, Fresenius Medical Care, a company based in Bad Hombur...

Kunststoffe international, 2007-02-13, Sealing Systems for the Cardiac Septum
... have been produced from non-resorbable materials. Wide Spectrum of Requirements In addition to processing properties and degradation behaviour, the mechanical properties of the polymer are very important. In the present case, the implant has to withstand considerable mechanical stresses. The demands placed on the material arise from the fact that the implant must be guided through a catheter some 3–5mm in diameter. Since this is a much smaller diameter than the size of the defect being closed...

Kunststoffe international, 2007-03-15, Able to Withstand High Temperatures
Able to Withstand High Temperatures Rotary Shaft Seals Radial shaft seals, often called “Simmer rings” in everyday German, must be able to withstand increasingly high thermal loads in automotive applications. A new generation of materials promises a longer service life and use over a wider range of temperatures. Richard Zuber, Günter Hintenlang, Sabine Bader As a consequence of higher speeds, increasing specific power densities or modified installation conditions, the demands made on seal ...

Kunststoffe international, 2007-03-15, Complex and Stable
Complex and Stable Seat Backs The new Audi TT Coupé is the first car to feature seat backs made of blow moulded (PC+ABS) blend. The specially developed construction complies with the design set by Audi. At the same time it withstands increased forces in the case of luggage impact as well as a metal construction. Pádraig Naughton, Gerhard Slik, Jeroen Van Poucke The combination of the right plastic, the right process and innovative design has resulted in the development of a new generation ...

Kunststoffe international, 2007-03-15, Modular Concepts for Lighter Engines
...ts are expected to work with utmost reliability in surroundings that are mostly very rough and under difficult and cramped mounting conditions – as encountered in the engine compartment. Connectors and plug connections must withstand large temperature variations, aggressive media, adverse weather influences, stone chips, sand or road salt as well as vibrations with acceleration values up to 45g. Frequently, the situation is aggravated by electrical and electromagnetic interference. Consequently,...

Kunststoffe international, 2007-04-17, Higher Performance, Lower Weight
...used primarily in ballistic applications as well as for brake pads and clutch coatings, while high-modulus systems cover, amongst other things, the fibre composites field. As with all polymer fibre types, aramide fibres can withstand high tensile stressing but suffer premature failure under compressive stress through the unstable buckling of the fibrillar structure [1, 6, 7] (Table 4). Apart from the aramide fibre, which holds a certain market share in the fibre composites field, other high-perf...

Kunststoffe international, 2007-04-17, New Fluorescent Pigments for Plastics
...roved heat stability, especially at lower pigment loadings, - high reflection in daylight and under UV light (black light), - high compatibility with PE-HD, PE-LD, PE-LLD, PP, clarified PP and TPU, - very good printability of coloured items: inks withstand the tape test (stick an adhesive tape on the printed item and then remove the tape without picking up the ink) and - no need for high shear forces to develop optimal colour strength and shade. Using this technology, it is possible to achieve a...

Kunststoffe international, 2007-04-17, Surfaces without a Blemish
...ural stresses are reduced in proportion to the degree of foaming. The foamed interior also has an effect on the maximum stresses, so that there is a reduction in comparison to conventional injection moulding. Parts for the automotive industry must withstand the ageing test for between 500 and 3000 hours. The first studies on foamed test bars of Technyl XCell A 218 V35 show that foaming has no effect on their ageing behaviour in air. The modulus of elasticity (Fig.6, left) and tensile strength (F...

Kunststoffe international, 2007-04-17, Tailor-made Matrix Systems for FRPs
...e main stresses and are subject solely to longitudinal tensile loading. In cases such as these, it is possible to use an inexpensive matrix system or one with a high media resistance, such as polypropylene (Fig. 2). If the composite is required to withstand high longitudinal compressive stresses, however, as is the case in structures subject to bending load, the matrix must display a sufficiently high stiffness even at its maximum service temperature. If the matrix is not stiff enough, the fibre...

Kunststoffe international, 2007-05-14, Give Leaks No Chance
...and control elements must be protected against penetration by moisture and contamination. Automotive electronics are exposed to various risks, and so the requirements on the integrity of the protective plastic housing are high: the electronics must withstand temperature fluctuations of –40°C to 140°C in the test process and all moisture, liquids and chemicals must be kept at bay. With a view to achieving the best-possible seal, it is standard practice to treat the adherends of electronics packag...

Kunststoffe international, 2007-05-14, Mould Design from Pole to Pole
...ection of suitable materials for the aligning magnets is a basic prerequisite for producing multi-polar plastic-bonded permanent magnets. The material used for the permanent magnets should have high remanence and coercive field strength, and withstand the usual mould temperatures of 80–100°C encountered during injection moulding. The magnetic insulating layers between the aligning magnets and the cavity as well as between the aligning magnets should be as thin as possible – however, the limits o...

Kunststoffe international, 2007-06-18, Economical Production with Complex Manufacturing Cell
...ling off of the Sprue The automated cell, which produces sensors for measuring the inductive conductivity of liquids in the foods and beverage industry, integrates both upstream and downstream production operations (Fig.2). The product must withstand harsh ambient conditions, direct contact with aggressive media, temperatures from –10 to +120°C and up to 12bar pressure at 20°C, up to 8bar pressure at 120°C and vacuum down to 0.1 bar absolute. During sterilisation, it also reaches temperatures u...

Kunststoffe international, 2007-08-14, Air Unloaded
...e measures are taken with the necessary farsightedness, this will not only reduce emissions, but, at the same time, cut current operational costs. Choosing an appropriate filter medium is of vital importance here. A material should be durable and withstand physical and chemical impact during filtration. It is thus an essential factor prolonging a filter system’s life, minimizing the risk of failure and reducing repair and maintenance times. An Example of Practical Application For instance, PPS...

Kunststoffe international, 2007-08-14, To the Limits of the Possible
...f 18Nm, while the box wrench remained intact (Fig.4). Fig.5 shows an FE simulation that documents component stress. As the load is applied, the plastic box wrench – just like metal wrenches – undergoes only very low self-deformation and also withstands repeated stresses. The enormous difference in performance can be explained by the largely linear stress-strain behavior and very high compressive strength already described. In addition, Grivory HT has exceptionally high rigidity for a thermoplast...

Kunststoffe international, 2007-09-19, Designing with New Freedoms
...use of the high thermal conductivity of the material. This leads to overall shorter cycle times and economical production. Compared to long glass-fiber-reinforced polypropylene, with which it competes in many applications, the new PA6 can not only withstand greater thermal stresses, but also exhibits higher strength and elongation at failure as well as better weld line strength. Because the glass fibers are distributed uniformly in the polyamide matrix, only minimal variation in material propert...

Kunststoffe international, 2007-09-19, Energy Efficiency Taking on Increasing Importance
...sing, ensure easy operation or can be repeatedly sterilized. In order to meet up to these requirements without sacrificing any reliability, ever-smaller mechanical components are being developed, which are required to withstand ever-increasing loads at the same time. High-precision multi-component parts for demanding medical technology applications can be produced in a cost efficient manner by the outsert technique. This involves the different components being injected onto a pre-shaped metal s...

Kunststoffe international, 2007-09-19, Flexible with High Loadbearing Capacity
...le and easy-to-process variant of the HNBR high-performance elastomer Therban from Lanxess, helps optimize this technology through its excellent resistance to oil and aging, outstanding dynamic properties and ability to withstand abrasion. The service life of the stators is also increased by the improved metal adhesion. This new development has also helped the oil industry considerably boost its efficiency over recent years. Today, it is possible to exploit reserves that were previously thought ...

Kunststoffe international, 2007-09-19, For High-End Applications
...mers cannot rest on their laurels. Technical advances, for example in the automotive industry or electronics, are continually setting higher standards for the property profile of the materials used. They are being required to accelerate processes, withstand increasingly high temperatures and conquer fields in which other materials were previously dominant. The following article reviews a selection of new developments and improvements to existing materials. From Baking Pans to Multifilament Yarn...

Kunststoffe international, 2007-09-19, Several Irons in the Fire
... mold makers must assert themselves against growing competition from low-wage countries. Organizational measures for continuous improvement of the cost structure and reduction of lead times are indeed necessary, but are not sufficient alone to withstand the price dumping resulting from mold-making overcapacities in Germany and Western Europe overall. It is only by simultaneously specializing in technologically challenging precision tools for innovative plastic products that European mold makers ...

Kunststoffe international, 2007-09-19, Tailored to Your Timeline
...ck aluminum foil, and is colored and coated with epoxy-amino resins. The product line includes different glitter shapes, sizes and colors, permitting a great variety of effects. The products are resistant to a multitude of solvents and withstand temperatures up to 200°C. Synthetic microfibers with a length of approx. 400 mm that are colored with azo matt colors and can be supplied in pure form or as a paste preparation to produce special-effect masterbatches. Nyco Minerals Inc., Willsboro, New Y...

Kunststoffe international, 2007-10-21, Polyamides (PA)
...s integrated into their surface (Fig.7): They make it possible to dispense with fault-prone wiring and can greatly facilitate installation in the finished part. For this purpose, however, thermoplastics are required that can withstand the high temperatures of up to 245°C occurring in lead-free soldering. BASF has developed a semi-crystalline, partially aromatic, high-temperature polyamide, Ultramid T 4381 LDS, specially for laser direct structuring. Other Applications In the packaging sector, ...

Kunststoffe international, 2007-10-21, Polyaryletherketones (PAEK)
...metal replacement, with a clear trend to gear and transmission components. Common to many cars nowadays is, for example, an electro-mechanical parking brake located very close to the regular brakes; these components need to withstand temperatures close to 300°C over a lifetime of 100,000 cycles. In civil aviation, there is a strong effort being made to replace aluminum components with PEEK. This would allow the production of lightweight complex geometries exhibiting high strength and stiffness, ...

Kunststoffe international, 2007-10-21, Polyoxymethylene (POM)
...position, and springs and mounting elements, at one and the same time. The fact that POM has been used for drinking water applications for more than 40 years is due to its high fatigue strength, including its ability to withstand water hammer effects, its non-toxicity and also its impact strength and shock resistance. Intelligent water management: While southern countries are complaining of a water shortage, the North has no such problems. Yet, despite the surplus of water, this is nonetheless...

Kunststoffe international, 2007-10-21, Polyphenylene Sulfide (PPS)
... great pressure and high temperatures. Above all the movements between the turbocharger fastened to the engine block and the supercharger intercooler anchored to the body are critical stress factors for the connecting hoses. In order to withstand these the new Veritas air charging hoses consist of three layers. Different elastomers are used according to requirements for the outer and inner layers. The decisive element for the mechanics of the component, however, is the central pressure-bearing l...

Kunststoffe international, 2007-10-21, Securing Data through Back Injection Molding
...ctive is to build in the transponder during the injection molding process. Back injection molding of the RFID film means that from the outset the tag is permanently bonded with the object, e.g. plastic crates. The tag is thus much better able to withstand follow-on processes such as cleaning than a retrospectively applied label. It is also much easier to implement hygiene regulations with an RFID in-mold label than an adhesive variant. This can be particularly advantageous in food and pharmaceut...